CEFALONIA CELIBACY. 



Cedar-Larch, or Cedar of Lebanon (pinus cednm, 

 L.), distinguished, by its strong, ramose branches, 

 from all other trees of the same genus. The gene- 

 ral character of the shoot, even when the tree is 

 young, is singularly bold and picturesque, and quite 

 peculiar to the species. The tree is a native of the 

 coldest part of the mountains of Libanus, Aman- 

 us, and Taurus ; but it is not now to be found in 

 those places in great numbers. Maundrell, in his 

 journey from AlepjM) to Jerusalem, in 1696, could 

 reckon only sixteen large trees, though many small 

 ones. The forest of Libanus seems never to liave 

 recovered from the havoc made by Solomon's four- 

 score thousand hewers. Beautiful specimens of this 

 noble tree are to be seen at Witton park, /ion-house, 

 &c., in England, where it seems to have been intro- 

 duced in 1683, and where, as professor Martyn ob- 

 serves, there are probably, at present, more cedars 

 Uian in Palestine. 



White-Cedar (cupressus thuyoides) is a small or 

 middle-sized evergreen, naturally forming an elegant 

 head. Its branches are not pendulous. Its leaves 

 are of a delicate green colour. It is a native of 

 North America, China, and Cochin China. In the 

 United States, it occupies large tracts, denominated 

 cedar swamps. The wood is soft, smooth, of an aro- 

 matic smell, and internally of a red colour. It is 

 permanent in shape, and very durable, and is esteemed 

 as a material for fences. Large quantities of shin- 

 gles are made of it. It is a favourite material for 

 wooden wares, or the nicer kinds of coopers' work. 



Red or Common Cedar (juniperus Virginiana) ; a 

 native of North America and the West Indies. It is 

 distinguished by its leaves, growing in threes, and 

 being fixed by their base, the younger ones lying 

 upon each other, and the older ones spreading. The 

 trunk is straight, and knotted by small branches. 

 The heartwood is of a bright red, smooth, and mod- 

 erately soft. This wood is in much request for the 

 outsides of black-lead pencils. On account of its 

 powerful fragrance, it is often used for the bottoms 

 of drawers, because it resists the attacks of insects. 

 Some years ago, it was in great esteem for wainscot- 

 ting and cabinet-work, but has been much neglected 

 since the introduction of mahogany. The name of 

 savin is, in some places, improperly applied to this 

 tree. Unlike the white cedar, it grows in the driest 

 and most barren soils. For posts of buildings, it is 

 much in request ; but it is difficult to obtain it of 

 large size. 



CEFALONIA. See Cephalonia. 



CELLING. See Harpies. 



CELEBES ; an island in the East Indian sea, of 

 an irregular shape, about 500 miles long, and about 

 200 broad, called, by the natives and Malays, Negree 

 Oran Buggess, and, sometimes, Tanna Macassar ; 

 square miles, about 90,000. It is divided into six 

 states or kingdoms, viz., Goa, Bony, VVajoo, Sopin, 

 Selindrin, and Mandar. Goa extends a considerable 

 way along the west and south, and contains, besides 

 Macassar, two Dutch forts, Bontyn, and Bulo Cum- 

 bo. The government is monarchical, and the king is 

 called karuang, and, sometimes, rajah Goa. Bony, 

 or Pony, is E. of Goa, entirely under the influence 

 of the Dutch, and is governed by a prince, called 

 pajong, who is elected for life by seven orancayos, or 

 nobles. Wajoo, or Warjoo, or Tuadjoo, is situated 

 N. of Bony, and is governed by a prince elected for 

 life by the orancayos. Sopin is situated in the cen- 

 tre of the island, towards the eastern side, to the E. 



of Bon Selindrin is of small consideration, and is 



N. W. of Sopin. Mandar lies on the W. and N. W. 

 coast. . The inhabitants are Mohammedans. The 

 heat of this island would be excessive, if it were not 

 moderated by abundant rains The trees are alway 



i;reen; fruit and flowers grow in all seasons; jas- 

 mines, roses, carnations, and other beautiful flowers, 

 ijmw without culture; orange-trees and citrons 

 shade the ground, with mangoes, bananas, and othri 

 fruits. Cotton-trees cover the extensive plains. It 

 produces no spice except pepper. The inhabitants 

 raise a great number of cattle : the oxen are largei 

 than those of Europe. In the ton-is an- la rye lirnls 

 of deer, wild hogs, and a great variety of monkey*, 

 large and ferocious ; some with tails, and some with- 

 out ; some walking upon four legs, others upon two. 

 The principal articles which the Dutch obtain from 

 this island are rice, gold, ivory, deals, and sandal 

 wood; cotton, camphor, ginger, long pepper, and 

 pearls. The Dutch are said to have had 370 towns 

 and villages under their control. Their principal 

 settlement is at Macassar. Lat. 2 N. to 5 40" S. ; 

 Ion. 118 40*10 124 15 7 E. 



CELESTINE. Two popes of this name are saints. 

 The first was elected pope Nov. 3, 422, and follow- 

 ed Boniface I. There is a decretal letter of this 

 pope extant, directed to the bishops of Vienna and 

 Narbonne, prohibiting the bishops from wearing a 

 dress distinguishing them from the people, and for- 

 bidding the choice of strangers for bishops, to the 

 displeasure of their flocks. The consent of the peo- 

 ple, of the clergy, and of the magistrate, he says, is 

 necessary to a choice. He died April 6, 432. His 

 letters are preserved in the collection of D. Con- 

 stant, folio, and in the collection of the councils. 



Celestine V. was also a saint. He was chosen 

 pope July 5, 1294, before which time he was called 

 Peter of Murrhone. He lived as a hermit on Monte 

 di Magella, in continual fasting and penance, and 

 was entirely unfit for the papal chair, on account of 

 his utter ignorance of business and of the world. 1 1 e. 

 never would have been chosen, had not the papal 

 chair been vacant for twenty-seven months, on ac- 

 count of the cardinals being divided into two parties. 

 When Celestine entered Aquila, he rode on an ass, 

 led by two kings. He soon found the burden of 

 business too heavy, and abdicated his dignity Dec. 13, 

 1294. Boniface VIII. succeeded him, and kept him 

 prisoner till his death, May 19, 1296. The greatest 

 simplicity marks the government of this pope. He 

 is the founder of the Celestines (q. v.). 



CELESTINES (from then- founder, pope Celes- 

 tine V., q. v.), the hermits of St Damian, a religious 

 order, instituted about the middle of the thirteenth 

 century, in Italy, followed the rule of St Benedict 

 (q. v.), wore white garments with black capes and 

 scapularies, and were devoted entirely to a contem- 

 plative life. In the beginning of the eighteenth 

 century, the order was diminished to the number of 

 ninety-six monasteries in Italy, and twenty-one in 

 France. This society of gloomy monks appears re- 

 cently to have become stul smaller. In France, it 

 no longer exists. 



CELIBACY [written ly a Catholic}* One of the 

 sublime ideas of the Catholic church is its veneration 

 of chastity This places Christianity in the most 

 striking opposition to the sensual religions of the 

 pagan world. Whilst the pagans lowered their gods 



The above article, written by a Catholic, presents the 

 views entertained on the subject of celibacy by the mem- 

 bers of that communion. To those not educated in that 

 church, it appears difficult to comprehend why a rule of 

 life not enjoined by any express command or divine law. 

 and which contravenes the dictates of nature and the obli- 

 gations of society, should be regarded as of such importance 

 to the excellence of the priesthood. That it would attach 

 them more devotedly to the secular interests of the church, 

 there can be no doubt ; but that they would be as capable 

 of ministering to the spiritual necessities of the people as 

 those who are experienced in the feelinps of the people, 

 through their social connexions, we should find it very dif> 

 ncult to believe. 



