CELL CELLULAR. 



119 



incontinent clergymen have left the Catholic church, 

 and entered into one which allowed them to marry. 

 Another reason is, that the Protestant reformation 

 aroused the attention of the Catholic church to the 

 necessity of a reform in its own body, and the ob- 

 servance of a stricter discipline. Hence few such 

 public scandals have occurred as in former times, 

 and transgression has been followed by immediate 

 punishment. Yet it is not to be denied, tliat the 

 ride of celibacy is often violated. Such transgressions 

 are to be expected, particularly at a time wnen edu- 

 cation and so many other circumstances tend to in- 

 crease the influence of luxury; yet the far greater 

 part of the Catholic clergy respect the rule of celi- 

 bacy at the present day. Among the reasons 

 against requiring celibacy in the clergy, is the in- 

 creasing scarcity of men willing to devote themselves 

 to a profession which requires such strict self-denial. 



CELL ; generally employed to designate an 

 apartment used as a storehouse for wines, &c., and 

 commonly under ground. The same term has vari- 

 ous applications under different circumstances. Thus 

 cella was used, by the Roman poets, to signify the 

 lodge or habitation of common prostitutes, these be- 

 ing anciently under ground (see Juvenal, sat. vi. 

 ver. 121), having the names of the inmates over the 

 doors. The name of cell was also used for the lodg- 

 ings of servants, among the Romans for the apart- 

 ments of the public baths, for the adyta or inmost 

 and most retired parts of the temples, where the 

 images of the gods were preserved. The term cell 

 was -also applied to a lesser or subordinate minster, 

 dependent upon a greater, by which it was erected, 

 and under whose government it remained. The 

 great ancient English abbeys had generally such 

 cells in distant places, whicli were accountable to, 

 and received their superiors from them. The apart- 

 ments or private dormitories of monks and nuns are 

 also called cells. 



In technology, the term cell is employed very fre- 

 quently to signify any small compartment into which 

 substances are divided ; thus the hexagonal cliambers 

 of the honey-comb are called cells, as in botany the 

 cavities, separated by partitions in the pods, husks, 

 or seed-vessels of plants, which are said to be unilo- 

 crtlar, lilocular, trilocular, fyc., according to the num- 

 ber of cells. 



In anatomy, it is applied to various small cavities, 

 such as the air-cells, or pulmonary vesicles, the adi- 

 pose cells, or spaces in the membrane which retains 

 the fat, &c. The loose, inflatable texture which 

 unites and surrounds all the parts and organs of the 

 body, has the name of cellular, from its being made 

 up of a succession of these little membranous inter- 

 stices. 



CELLARIUS,CHRisTOi'HER, one of the most learn- 

 ed philologists of the 17th century, was born in 1638. 

 After he had studied at several German universities, 

 he taught moral philosophy and the Oriental lan- 

 guages at Weissenfels. In 1673 he was made rector 

 of the school at Weimar, and afterwards of the semi- 

 naries at Zeitz and Marseburg, and, finally, professor 

 of eloquence and history at Halle, where he died in 

 1 707. He published a great number of ancient au- 

 thors, with learned annotations and very accurate in- 

 dexes, as, for instance, the letters of Cicero and of 

 Pliny, Cornelius Nepos, Curtius, Eutropius, Sextus 

 Rufus, Velleius Paterculus, the twelve ancient pane- 

 gyrists, Minucitis Felix, Silius Italicus, &c. His own 

 compositions relate to ancient history and geography, 

 Roman antiquities, and the Latin language. 



CELLINI, BENVENUTO; a sculptor, engraver, 

 p.nd goldsmith ; distinguished particularly oy his 

 works in gold and silver, which liave become very 

 rare, and are sold at present at immense prices. He 



was born at Florence in 1500, and died there in 1570. 

 Of a bold, honest, and open character, but vain and 

 quarrelsome, and impatient of encroachment and de- 

 pendence, he was often entangled in quarrels, which 

 frequently cost his antagonists their lives. He him- 

 self incurred great dangers, was put into prison, and 

 was saved only by his boldness and the powerful 

 protectors whom his talents as an artist procured him. 

 At the siege of Rome (if we believe his own account, 

 given in his autobiography), he killed, with one can- 

 non shot, the constable of Bourbon, and, with ano- 

 ther, the prince of Orange. He was afterwards im- 

 prisoned on the charge of having stolen the jewels of 

 the papal crown, which were intrusted to him during 

 the siege, and was released only by the interference 

 of Francis I., whose court he visited, and executed 

 there several works. He afterwards returned to Flo- 

 rence, and, under the patronage of Cosmo, made a 

 Perseus with the head of Medusa in bronze, which is 

 still an ornament of the market-place ; also a statue 

 of Christ, in the chapel of the Pitti palace, besides 

 many excellent dies for coins and medals. In his fif- 

 ty-eighth year, he wrote his own life in Latin, with 

 equal candour and vanity. It has been translated, in 

 a masterly manner, by Goethe, into German. There 

 is also an English translation by Dr Nugent, 1771 ; 

 new edition by Thomas Roscoe, 1822. It contains 

 striking descriptions of Cellini's own adventures, and 

 of the characters of the persons with whom lie came 

 in contact. Among his other writings, the most im- 

 portant are Due Trattati, uno intorno alle otto princi- 

 pali Arti dell' Oreficeria, I'altro in Materia deW Arte 

 ilella Scoltura (best edition, 1731). His style is free, 

 strong, and original, and the academy della Crusca 

 often quotes him as a classic. 



CELLULAR SUBSTANCE, or CELLULAR 

 MEMBRANE (tela cellulosa or mucosa of Latin 

 writers), is the medium which connects and supports 

 all the various parts and structures of the body. Any 

 person may gain a general notion of this substance 

 by observing it in joints of veal, when it is inflat- 

 ed by the butchers. It consists of an assemblage of 

 fibres and lamina of animal matter, connected with 

 each other so as to form innumerable cells or small 

 cavities, from which its name of cellular is derived. 

 It pervades every part of the annual structure. By 

 joining together the minute fibrils of muscle, tendon, 

 or nerve, it forms obvious and visible fibres. It col- 

 lects these fibres into large fasciculi, and, by joining 

 such fasciculi, or bundles, to each other, constitutes 

 an entire muscle, tendon, or nerve. It joins together 

 the individual muscles, and is collected in their inter- 

 vals. It surrounds each vessel and nerve in the bo- 

 dy, often connecting these parts together by a firm 

 kind of capsule, and, in a looser form, joining them 

 to the neighbouring muscles, &c. When condensed 

 into a firm and compact structure, it constitutes the 

 various membranes of the body, which, by long ma* 

 ceration in water, may be resolved into a loose, cel- 

 lular texture. In the bones it forms the basis or 

 ground-work of their fabric, a receptacle, in the in- 

 terstices of whicli the earth of bone is deposited. As 

 cellular substance is entirely soluble in boiling water, 

 it is considered, by chemists, as that peculiar modifi- 

 cation of animal matter termed gelatine. In conse- 

 quence of its solution by the united agencies of heat 

 and moisture, the muscular fibres separate from each 

 other, and form the other structures of the body. 

 This effect is seen in meat which is subjected to long 

 boiling or stewing for the table, or, indeed, in a joint 

 which is merely over-boiled. It forms a connexion 

 anil passage between all parts of the body, however 

 remote in situation or dissimilar in structure ; for the 

 cells of this substance everywhere commiuiicate, as 

 we may collect from facts of the most common and 



