120 



CKLSITS CEMENTS. 



familiar occurrence. In emphysema, where air I 

 escapes from the lungs wounded by a broken rib in- 

 to the cellular substance, it spreads rapidly from the 

 chest into the most remote parts of the body, and has 

 even been known to gain admission into the eye-ball. 

 A similar diffusion of this fluid may be effected by 

 artificial inflation. 



CELSUS AniKi.irs CORNELIUS, lived, probably, 

 under the reign of Augustus. He has been called 

 UK- Roman Hippocratet, because he imitated the 

 Greek physician, and introduced the Hippocratic sys- 

 tem into Home. He also wrote on rhetoric, the art 

 of war, and agriculture. He is, however, best known 

 as a medical writer. His style is elegant, concise, 

 and, nevertheless, very clear. His work on medicine 

 is an inexhaustible source, from which other good 

 authors liave drawn materials for writings, both me- 

 dical and surgical. He has furnished subsequent 

 writers with a multitude of authorities for the support 

 of their different theories, but has suffered much ar- 

 bitrary interpretation. Hippocrates and Asclepiades 

 are the two authors whom he has followed most. 

 More tlian fifty-nine editions of his eight books De 

 Medicina had appeared in 1785 ; the first at Florence, 

 1478, fol. : the best is by Krause, Leipsic, 1766: that 

 of Targa was printed at Padua, 1769, 4to, and one 

 at Verona, 1810, 4to. 



CELT./E (they called themselves, also, Gael, or 

 Gales ; see Gael) ; one of the four chief nations which 

 inhabited Gallia. Their territory extended from the 

 extreme point of Brittany to the Rhine and the Alps. 

 The Romans, therefore, called the whole country Cel- 

 tiw, or Galatia. They left Asia at some distant pe- 

 riod, and, at the time of Tarquinius Priscus, came, 

 under Bellovesus, to Upper Italy, and large numbers 

 of them spread over several countries of Europe. In 

 Spain, they became mingled with the Iberians, whom 

 they conquered. Internal wars weakened them ; and 

 commerce with the Romans, and with the people of 

 Marseilles, made them more civilized. The Italian 

 Celtae were subjected, 220 B. C., by the Romans. 

 The Boii united themselves with the Helvetii the 

 Illyrian Celtae with the Illyrians. Their government 

 was aristocratical. The nobles formed a national as- 

 sembly. The commons were regarded as little better 

 than slaves. They were large, and of great bodily 

 strength, impetuous in their attacks, but not well 

 able to endure hardships. A huge sword, generally 

 of copper, was their chief weapon. Then* priests, 

 the Druids (q. v.), enjoyed the greatest authority. 



CELTES, CONRAD ; born, in 1459, at Protuch, in 

 Franconia. His original name was Meissel, which 

 he changed into Celtes Protucius. He ran away from 

 his parents, and studied in Cologne. In 1484 and 

 1485, he studied under the tuition of Rodolph Agri- 

 cola, at Heidelberg, and became a philologist and 

 Latin poet. He then travelled to Italy, where he 

 attended the lectures of the most learned teachers of 

 his time. On his return through Illyria, Hungary, 

 and Poland, he was taught astronomy and astrology 

 by Albertus Brutus, and met with the most favour- 

 able reception at the German courts. In Nuremburg, 

 lie was crowned by the emperor Frederic III. (1491), 

 on account of the reputation which he had acquired 

 by his Latin poems, being the first German poet who 

 received this honour. He afterwards travelled for 

 ten years, visiting all the universities in Germany, 

 and found, at length, a resting-place in Vienna, 

 where Maximilian I. appointed him, in 1501, pro- 

 fessor of poetry and rhetoric, and president of the 

 faculty established for the study of classical antiqui- 

 ties. He left a history and description of Nurem- 

 burg, a poem on the situation and manners of Ger- 

 many, several philosophical, rhetorical, and biogra- 

 phical works, and a number of poems. He consider- 



ed the study of languages, not, like other philologists 

 of his time, as an object of pursuit in itself, but only 

 as a means for obtaining an acquaintance with those 

 sciences which liave a ihore, immediate bearing on the 

 business of life, among which he placed history and 

 geography first. His plan for a great literary socie- 

 ty (sodalitas Celtica), for which he had already ob- 

 tained grants of privileges from the emperor, was in- 

 terrupted by his death in 1508. Only the Rhenish 

 society, which he fouiftled in Heidelberg, outlived 

 him. 



CELTIBERI, or CELTIBERIANS inhabitants 

 of Celtiberia, a country along the Iberus, in the north- 

 east part of Spain. They formed the most numerous 

 tribe in Spain, and originated from Iberians mixed 

 with Celts. They were brave, and their cuneus was 

 formidable even to the Romans. They despised 

 agriculture. After a long resistance to the Romans, 

 they were, at last, in the bertorian war, subjected to 

 their sovereignty, adopted their manners, language, 

 dress, &c. They were divided into six tribes the 

 Bellones, Arevaci, Peleudones, north of the Durius ; 

 and the Lusones, Belli, and Ditthi, more to the 

 south. 



CEMENTATION ; a chemical process, in which 

 a metal (and often other bodies) is placed in connex- 

 ion with other substances, often in layers (stratum 

 super stratum), in close vessels, that the former may 

 be separated from its combinations, or changed (fre- 

 quently oxydated), at a high temperature. The sub - 

 stance with which the metal or other body is sur- 

 rounded is called cement-powder. In cementing gold, 

 the alloy is beaten into thin plates, and placed in al- 

 ternate layers, with a cement containing nitrate of 

 potass and sulphate of iron. The whole is then ex- 

 posed to heat, until a great part of the alloying me- 

 tals are removed by the action of the nitric acid liber- 

 ated by the nitre. Iron is cemented with charcoal- 

 powder and other substances, and thereby converted 

 into steel. Glass is changed, by cementation with 

 gypsum, into Reaumur's porcelain. Copper is ce- 

 mented with a powder of calamine and charcoal, and 

 thereby converted into brass. The copper obtained 

 from the sulphate of copper, by precipitation with 

 iron, is called cement-copper. 



CEMENTS. The substances used for producing 

 cohesion between different materials are very various. 

 They are mostly soft or semi-fluid, and harden in the 

 course of time. The thinner the strata of cement, the 

 firmer it will hold. The number of cements em- 

 ployed is very great. We can mention only a few. 

 The joints of iron pipes, and the flanges of steam- 

 engines, are cemented with a mixture composed of 

 sulphur and muriate of ammonia, together with a 

 large quantity of iron chippings. The putty of gla- 

 ziers is a mixture of linseed oil and powdered chalk. 

 Plaster of Paris, dried by heat, and mixed with water, 

 or with rosin and wax, is used for uniting pieces of 

 marble. A cement composed of brickdust and rosin, 

 or pitch, is employed by turners, and some other 

 mechanics, to confine the material on which they are 

 working. Common paint, made of white lead and 

 oil, is used to cement China-ware. So also are resin- 

 ous substances, such as mastic and shell lac, or isin- 

 glass dissolved in proof-spirit or water. The paste 

 of bookbinders and paper-hangers is made by boiling 

 flour. Rice-glue is made by boiling ground rice in 

 soft water to the consistence of a thin jelly. Wafers 

 are made of flour, isinglass, yeast, and white of eggs, 

 dried in thin layers upon tin plates, and cut by a cir- 

 cular instrument. 1'hey are coloured by red-lead, 

 &c. Sealing-wax is composed of shell lac and rosin, 

 and is commonly coloured with vermilion. Common 

 glue is most usually employed for uniting wood, and 

 similar porous substances. It does not answer for 



