CHAFALAYA CHALCEDONY. 



133 



Macedon and the confederated Greeks. See Greece 

 and Philip. 



CHAFALAYA ; the western branch of the mouth 

 of the Mississippi, which runs into St Bernard's bay. 



CHAGAING, or CHAGONG ; a town of Birmah, 

 on the west bank of the Irrawaddy, opposite to Ava, 

 partly at the foot, and partly on the side of a hill, 

 sometimes the residence of the king ; Ion. 96 E. ; 

 lat. 21 5& N. It stands very high, being built on 

 the slope of several hills, the tops of which are 

 covered with numerous temples, most of them orna- 

 mented with spires and gilded roofs, forming a beau- 

 tiful prospect. The houses are of timber, with tiled 

 roofs. The town derives great riches from its quarries 

 of beautiful white marble, and the manufacture of idols. 

 These are chiefly statues of Boodh or Guadama, the 

 deity of the country, sitting cross-legged on a pedestal. 

 It is likewise a mart for cotton, exported to China. 



CHAILLOT ; a village which is situated behind 

 the Tuilleries, and now included within the limits of 

 Paris. It is ornamented with splendid country-seats 

 and gardens, affording delightful prospects of the 

 Seine and the surrounding country. On die extremity 

 of the qua.% Billy, opposite to the celebrated bridge 

 of Jena (now the bridge of the military school), is the 

 unfinished palace of the king of Rome, commenced 

 by Napoleon at an enormous expense. The ruins of 

 this palace, on entering the city from the side of 

 Versailles, afford a disagreeable prospect, and an 

 unpleasant contrast with the beautiful architecture of 

 the military school, immediately opposite to it. The 

 parish church is the sepulchre of the brave count 

 Jpsias Rantzau, marshal of France, who was buried 

 here in 1650. The nuns of the order of Sainte Marie 

 de la visitation had a celebrated convent here, where 

 persecuted grandeur often sought an asylum. Here 

 died, in 1669, the queen Henrietta of France, daugh- 

 ter of king Henry IV., wife of Charles I. king of Eng- 

 land, and her niece, the princess Louisa, of the 

 Bavarian palatinate, who with the other nuns, used 

 to make hay in the neighbouring fields. 



CHAIN, in surveying, is a measure consisting of a 

 certain number of links of iron wire, serving to take 

 the dimensions of fields, &c. 



Chain. In nautical language, chains are strong 

 links or plaits of iron, the lower ends of which are 

 bolted through a ship's side to the timbers. They 

 are on the outside, and are used to contain the 

 blocks called dead-eyes, by which the shrouds of the 

 masts are extended. Top chains are those which 

 preserve the lower yards from falling, when, in time 

 of battle, the ropes are rendered incapable of service. 



CHAIN-CABLE. See Cable. 



CHAIN-TIMBER ; a timber of large dimensions, 

 placed hi the middle of a building, to give it strength. 



CHAIN-WALES. See Channels. 



CHAIR, a movable seat. The curule chair of 



he Romans was that in which the chief magistrates 

 were seated. The cut given at the foot of the pre- 

 vious column, is from a drawing found in Pompeii, and 

 lie above stool, which closely resembles our modern 

 camp stools, represents one found in Herculaneum. 



CHAISE, PERE DE LA. See Lachaise and 

 'emetery. 



CHALCEDON (at present, the village Kademkt) 

 under the Roman dominion, a flourishing city in 

 Bithynia, on the northwest point of Asia Minor, op- 

 josite Constantinople, and not far from the present 

 scutari. At this place, in the autumn of 451, Mar - 

 ian, the emperor of the East, neld the fourth ge- 

 neral council, for the purpose of destroying the as- 

 endency of the Monophysite doctrines (see Mono- 

 physites^ obtained, in 449, by the influence of the 

 Alexandrian patriarch Dioscuros, at the (so called) 

 robber-synod at Ephesus ; and to establish a creed of 

 Christian faith, which, equally remote from the Nes- 

 torian and Monophysite doctrines, should satisfy all 

 3arties of orthodox Christians. The emperor's com- 

 nissioners took the lead, and after them came the 

 .egates of the Roman bishop Leo I., who had endea- 

 voured to establish articles of faith without the aid 

 of a council, but deemed it judicious to maintain his 

 influence there, and take revenge for the excom- 

 munication pronounced against nim by Dioscuros. 

 This council, which consisted of 600 bishops, mostly 

 of the East, deposed Dioscuros, and, after violent 

 debates, adopted into their articles of faith, at the 

 instigation of the Roman legate, the tenor of a mis- 

 sive of Leo to Flavian, the former patriarch of Con- 

 tantinople, directed against Eutyches, the founder 

 of Monophysitism, besides the confessions of faith 

 of the general councils of Nice and Constantinople ; 

 also two synodal missives of the former patriarch, 

 Cyril of Alexandria, condemning the Nestorian tenets. 

 The articles of faith settled by them declared the 

 mother of Jesus the parent of God, and established, 

 in opposition to the Monophysites, the belief of two 

 natures in Christ, existing without mixture or change, 

 without division or separation, so that, by the union 

 of the two natures in one person and substance, their 

 distinction is not destroyed, but the characteristics of 

 each are retained. Besides this creed, the council 

 promulgated thirty canons against the abuses of the 

 clergy, of which canons the twenty-eighth conceded 

 to the patriarch of Constantinople equal rights and 

 privileges with the Roman, to whom it merely gave 

 precedence of rank ; and thus the matter remained, 

 notwithstanding the remonstrances of the Roman 

 legates. Bloody rebellions in Palestine and Egypt 

 were the immediate consequences of the decrees of 

 the council of Chalcedon against Dioscuros and the 

 Monophysites; and not till after a long period of 

 ecclesiastical contests, during which the Monophy- 

 sites were entirely separated from the orthodox, and 

 formed a distinct church, did the Chalcedon formula 

 of faith obtain the authority which it now has in the 

 Catholic, Greek, and many Protestant churches. 



CHALCEDONY ; a mineral including several va- 

 rieties, which have received distinct names in the 

 arts. It occurs hi small veins, or in cavities of other 

 minerals, and appears to have been formed by the 

 filtration of silicious matter. 



