CHARTRES CHASTELER. 



165 



seal, executed by the freighter ami the master or 

 owner of a ship, containing the terms upon which 

 the ship is hired to freight. The masters and owners 

 usually bind themselves, the ship, tackle, and furni- 

 ture, that the goods freighted shall be delivered 

 (dangers of the sea excepted) well-conditioned at the 

 place of the discharge ; and they also covenant to 

 provide mariners, tackle, &c., and to equip the ship 

 complete and adequate to the voyage. The freighter 

 stipulates to pay the consideration money for the 

 freight; and penalties are annexed to enforce the 

 reciprocal covenants. 



CHARTRES (anciently Autricum and Carnutuni) ; 

 a city of France, in the Eure-and-Loire, 11 posts 

 S. W. Paris, 18 N. ft. E. Tours; Ion. 1 13' E.; 

 lat. 48 27' N. The population amounts to 15,000. 

 It is the see of a bishop. It is one of the most an- 

 cient towns of the country, and contains a cathedral, 

 eight churches, an hospital, a public library of 25,000 

 volumes, and a cabinet of natural history. The 

 streets are narrow, but some of the houses are un- 

 commonly neat, and the cathedral is esteemed one 

 of the most beautiful churches in the kingdom. It 

 is situated on the Eure, over which is a bridge, the 

 work of the celebrated Vauban. The principal trade 

 is in corn, wine, and manufactured goods. Regnier, 

 the poet, Nicole, Brissot, and Desportes were natives 

 of this place. 



CHARTREUSE, or GREAT CHARTREUSE; 

 a famous Carthusian monastery in France, a little 

 N. E. of Grenoble, situated at the foot of high moun- 

 tains. It was founded in 1086. See Carthusians. 



CH ARYBDIS ; a daughter of Neptune and Terra, 

 whom Jupiter, on account of her insatiable rapacity, 

 hurled into the sea, where she became a whirlpool, 

 and swallowed up every ship that approached her. 

 This mythological fiction was occasioned by the 

 whirlpool hi the Sicilian sea, which was the more 

 dangerous to inexperienced navigators, because, in 

 endeavouring to escape it, they ran the risk of being 

 wrecked upon Scylla, a rock opposite to it. Cha- 

 rybdis is no longer dreadful to navigators, who, in a 

 quiet sea, and particularly if the south wind is not 

 blowing, cross it without danger. Its present names 

 are Calofaro and La Rema. The earthquake of 

 1783 is said to have much diminished its violence. 



CHASE, SAMUEL, one of the signers of the Ame- 

 rican declaration of independence, was born April 

 17, 1741, in Somerset county, Maryland. His fa- 

 ther, a learned clergyman, instructed him hi the an- 

 cient classics, and subsequently placed him at Anna- 

 polis as a student of law. He was admitted to the 

 bar at the age of twenty. His talents, industry, in- 

 trepidity, imposing stature, sonorous voice, fluent and 

 energetic elocution, raised him to eminence in a very 

 few years. Having become a member of the colo- 

 nial legislature, he distinguished himself by his bold 

 opposition to the royal governor and the court party. 

 He took tlie lead in denouncing and resisting the 

 famous stamp act. His revolutionary spirit, his ora- 

 tory and reputation, placed him at the head of the 

 active adversaries of the British government in his 

 state. The Maryland convention of the 22d of June, 

 1774, appointed him to attend the meeting of the 

 general congress, at Philadelphia, in September of 

 that year. He was also present and conspicuous at 

 the session of December following, and in the subse- 

 quent congresses, during the most critical periods of 

 the revolution. That of 1776 deputed him on a mis- 

 sion to Canada, along with doctor Franklin, Charles 

 Carroll of Carrollton, and the reverend John Carroll, 

 afterwards Catholic archbishop of Baltimore. It was 

 Mr Chase who denounced to congress the reverend 

 doctor Zubly, a delegate from Georgia, as a traitor 

 to the American cause, and forced him to a precipi- 



tate and ignominious flight. He signed the declara- 

 tion of independence with promptitude, and was an 

 active and able member of congress almost through- 

 out the war ; at the end of which he returned to the 

 practice of his profession. In June, 1783, the legis- 

 lature of Maryland sent him to London, as a commis- 

 sioner, to recover stock of the bank of England, and 

 large sums of money which belonged to the state. He 

 remained in England nearly a year, during which time 

 he put the claim in a train of adjustment. There he 

 passed much of his time in the society of the most 

 eminent statesmen and lawyers. In the year 1791, 

 he accepted the appointment of chief justice of the 

 general court of Maryland. Five years afterwards, 

 president Washington made him an associate judge 

 of the supreme court of the United States. Political 

 cases of deep interest having been tried when he pre- 

 sided hi the circuit courts, and his conduct having 

 given much displeasure to the democratic party, he 

 was impeached by the house of representatives at 

 Washington. The trial of the judge before the 

 senate is memorable on account of the excitement 

 which it produced, the ability with which he was de- 

 fended, and the nature of his acquittal. A full re- 

 port of it has been published. He continued to 

 exercise his judicial functions, with the highest re- 

 putation, until the year 1811, in which his health 

 failed, fie expired June 19 of that year. Mr Chase 

 led an eventful and important life, and established 

 the character of a sagacious, erudite, and fearless 

 judge, and a patriot little inferior in merit to any of 

 his contemporaries. 



CHASING, in sculpture; the art of embossing on 

 metals. This is the art of representing figures, &c. 

 in a kind of lasso relievo, punched out from behind 

 and sculptured on the front with small chisels and 

 gravers. 



CHASSEKI ; the first sultana, or that wife of the 

 Turkish emperor who presents him with the first 

 prince. See Turkey, near the close of the article. 



CHASTELER (JOHN GABRIEL) marquis of, gran- 

 dee of Spain of the first rank, Austrian master of 

 ordnance or general of artillery, militai7 governor in 

 Venice, descended in a collateral line from the dukes 

 of Lorraine, was born in 1763, and received his first 

 education at Metz, in the college de Fort. In 1776, 

 he entered the Austrian service. After having served 

 against the Turks (when he was severely wounded), 

 he displayed his zeal for the house of Austria in the 

 disturbances in the Netherlands. In 1796-97, he 

 was employed in the negotiations of his court in 

 Poland and Russia ; was afterwards with Suwaroff in 

 Italy, where he distinguished himself in several en- 

 gagements with the French armies. In 1808, with 

 Hormayr, he was the soul of the famous insurrection 

 hi the Tyrol, and all the political as well as military 

 events which were connected with it. Meanwhile, 

 the disaster at Ratisbon (q. v.) had taken place. 

 Chasteler was obliged to retreat into the northern 

 part of Tyrol. Napoleon, enraged at the surrender 

 of 8000 French and Bavarians at Innspruck, issued 

 a proclamation at Enns, in which " a certain Chas- 

 teler, who calls himself a general hi the Austrian 

 service, but who is the leader of a band of robbers, 

 and the author of the murders committed upon the 

 French and Bavarian prisoners, as well as the insti- 

 gator of the Tyrolese insurrection," is declared an 

 outlaw, and ordered to be brought before a court- 

 martial, and shot within twenty-four hours. The 

 emperor Francis commanded, that an order which 

 violated all international laws, and which was the 

 more censurable as Chasteler had taken particular 

 care of the prisoners and the wounded, should be 

 met by retaliation. The Bavarian army, under the 

 command of the marshal duke of Dantzick, enteml 



