176 



CHESAPEAKE BAY CHESS. 



make them tributary to Iloino, and subject them to 

 the Roman laws, they revolted. Varus, being de- 

 coyed by them into the forest of Teutoburg, in the 

 year 9 A. D., was destroyed, with his whole army, 

 in a battle which lasted three days. (See Arminius 

 and Germania.) Upon this, the Cherusci became 

 the chief object of the attacks of the Romans. Ger- 

 manicus (q. v.), victorious over the Marsi and Catti, 

 marched against the Cherusci, whose leaders, Seges- 

 tus and Arminius (the latter of whom liad carried 

 off tlie daughter of the former), were at war with 

 each other. Segestus, pressed by Arminius, called 

 Germanicus to his aid, who delivered him, indeed, 

 from his danger, but was obliged to return, after 

 several campaigns, without having obtained any per- 

 manent advantages. By their last successes, the 

 Cherusci had become very powerful. Their alliance 

 with the Lombards and Semnones, who had re- 

 nounced the Marcomannic confederacy, and the 

 victory of Anninius over the Marcomanni under 

 Maroboduus, raised the Cherusci to the first rank 

 among the German nations. But, after the assassi- 

 nation of Arminius (21 A. D.), new disturbances 

 broke out among them. They committed the su- 

 preme command to Italicus, the last survivor of the 

 family of Arminius, but soon after expelled him. 

 The Lombards restored him to his rights and dig- 

 nity, after a long and destructive war with the Che- 

 rusci, who, abandoned by their allies, were now 

 confined to the territory between the Saale and the 

 south side of the Hercynian forest. In the third 

 century, they, with their former allies, were swal- 

 lowed up in the great Prankish confederacy, and no 

 longer appear as a distinct people. 



CHESAPEAKE BAY ; a spacious bay of North 

 America, in the states of Virginia and Maryland. Its 

 entrance is between cape Charles and cape Henry, 

 sixteen miles wide ; and it extends 190 miles to the 

 northward, through the"states of Virginia and Mary- 

 land, dividing them into two parts, called the eastern 

 and western shores. It is from seven to twenty miles 

 broad, and generally as much as nine fathoms deep ; 

 affording many commodious harbours, and a safe and 

 easy navigation. It receives the waters of the Sus- 

 quehanna, Potomac, Rappahannoc, York, and James, 

 rivers, which are all large and navigable. 



CHESELDEN, WILLIAM; a celebrated English 

 surgeon and anatomist. He was born in Leicester- 

 shire, in 1688, and, after a common school education 

 and some medical instruction in the country, he went 

 to London to prosecute his studies. At the age of 

 twenty-two he began to give lectures on anatomy, 

 and, in 1711, he was chosen F.R.S. In 1713, he 

 published a treatise on the Anatomy of the Human 

 Body, 8vo, long esteemed a favourite manual of the 

 science. He continued to read his lectures for more 

 than twenty years, during which he gradually rose to 

 the head of his profession. In 1723, he published a 

 Treatise on the High Operation for the Stone. Ches- 

 flden, who was a very dexterous and successful 

 operator, afterwards added to his reputation by prac- 

 tising what is termed the lateral method of operating 

 for the stone, since generally adopted. A peculiar 

 operation, which he performed on a youth of four- 

 teen, who had been blind from his birth, and who ob- 

 tained his sight by means of it, attracted much no- 

 tice ; and, in 1728, he published an account of it in 

 the Philosophical Transactions. In 1733 was pub- 

 lished his Osteography, or Anatomy of the Bones, 

 folio, consisting of plates and short explanations, a 

 splendid and accurate work. Cheselden obtained, in 

 1737, the appointment of chief surgeon to Chelsea 

 hospital. . This situation he held till his death, which 

 took place at Bath, April 10, 1752, in consequence 

 of a fit of apoplexy. Besides the productions already 



mentioned, he published a translation from the French 

 of Le Bran's Surgery, and several anatomical and 

 surgical papers in the Philosophical Transactions. 

 The private character of Cheselden was generally re- 

 spectable; but he was not exempt from faults and 

 foibles. Among these was a predilection for pugilism, 

 and a degree of vanity which rendered him more am- 

 bitious ot being thought a skilful architect or coach- 

 maker than a good anatomist. He was, however, 

 humane and liberal, and was much esteemed by Pope 

 and oilier literary men with whom he was ;io|iiainted. 



CHESS; the most celebrated and general of all 

 sedentary games. One of the greatest charms of 

 chess lies, no doubt, in the circumstance, that, whilst 

 man is everywhere surrounded by chance, in this 

 game, as generally played, he has entirely excluded 

 it, except that it must be decided by chance which of 

 Hie two players shall begin. The game affords so 

 much variety, so much scope for calculation, so miuiy 

 opportunities to exhibit foresight and penetration, that 

 it lias been held in great esteem by all nations ac- 

 quainted with it, and all persons who have conquered 

 the difficulties of learning it. The Mohammedans 

 except chess from the law against gambling. Whilst 

 this game affords enjoyment worthy of mature minds, 

 it is an excellent exercise for the young, as it teaches 

 patience and circumspection, strengthens the judg- 

 ment, and encourages perseverance in a plan afford- 

 ing a prospect of eventual success, though, at the mo- 

 ment, the situation of things may appear very cri- 

 tical. The Chinese pretend to have known it 200 

 years previous to our era. It was brought, in the 

 sixth century, from India to Persia, whence it was 

 spread by the Arabians and the crusaders all over 

 the civilized world. It is most commonly played in 

 Asia. In fact, its whole composition and its name 

 prove its Asiatic origin. In Sanscrit, it is called 

 scht/irantsh, a word which is believed to indicate the 

 most important component parts of an ancient Eas- 

 tern army elephants, infantry, sithed waggons, and 

 horses. But tin's name was supplanted by the Per- 

 sian term shah (king), which the game has retained, 

 more or less corrupted, in all languages. 



Generally, chess is played by two persons upon a 

 board, the same as that used in draughts or che- 

 quers, containing sixty-four squares. The board 

 must be so placed, that each player has a white 

 square at his right hand. The squares are named 

 from the pieces, viz. ; that on which the king is 

 placed is called the king's square ; that on which 

 the king's pawn is placed, the kitty's second square ; 

 tliat before the pawn, the king's third square ; the 

 next, the king's fourth; and so on with all the 

 pieces of each side. Each player has eight pieces 

 and eight pawns. In placing the pieces, the ancient 

 rule is to be followed servat regina colorem (the queen 

 maintains the colour) that is, the black queen is to 

 be placed on the black square, in tiie middle of the 

 line next to the player ; in a similar way, the white 

 queen on the white field. On the side of the king 

 and the queen stand the bishops ; then follow the 

 two knights; and last, the rooks or castles. The 

 object of the game is, to bring the adversary's king 

 into such a situation that he cannot move, which is 

 called checkmating. The king can never be taken. 

 The play ends with a checkmate. 



It is not uninteresting to consider the different 

 names which die pieces have received in various 

 countries. In the East, the queen is called by the 

 more proper name of vizier, or general. The bishops 

 are called, in Germany, runners; and in France, 

 fools (fous). These were, originally, elephants, with 

 giants on them. The knights are called, in German, 

 leapers. The castles were, originally, war-chariots, 

 which is also indicated by the word rook, from the 



