CHILLICOTHE CHIMBORAZO. 





the Can-eras. In 1814, Chile was invaded by a roy- 

 alist army from Peru, under the command of general 

 Osorio ; and the defeat of the patriots at Rancagua, 

 Oct. 1, 1814, compelled the leading individuals to 

 cross the Andes, and seek refuge in Buenos Ayres, 

 leaving their country in possession of the Spaniards. 

 In 18 17, the patriots obtained succours from Buenos 

 Ayres, commanded by general San Martin, and re- 

 entered Chile at the head of a powerful body of 

 troops, which defeated the Spaniards at Chacabiico, 

 Feb. 12, 1817, and again at Maypu, April 5, 1817, 

 and thus permanently secured the independence of 

 the country. By the intrigues of San Martin, the 

 three Carreras and their friend Rodriguez, the best 

 men in Chile, were shamefully murdered, and his 

 favourite, Don Bernardo O'Higgins, was placed at 

 tlie head of the government, with the title of supreme 

 director. Meanwhile, San Martin, with the liberat- 

 ing army, and aided by a Chilean fleet under lord 

 Cochrane, invaded Peru in return, and gave it a tem- 

 porary independence. O'Higgins continued to ad- 

 minister the government until Jan. 23, 1823, when 

 he was compelled to resign the supreme authority, 

 owing chiefly to the dissatisfaction of the people with 

 his financial measures. He was succeeded by general 

 Ramon Freire, the latter being appointed supreme 

 director. In January, 1826, the archipelago of 

 Chiloe, which had remained to that time in the hands 

 of the Spaniards, surrendered to the government of 

 Chile. But disturbances have existed among the 

 Araucanians, on the southern frontier, down to the 

 present time, occasioning more or less inconvenience 

 to the Chileans. In other respects, Chile has been 

 wholly unmolested by foreign enemies, unless an at- 

 tempt of the exile O'Higgins upon Chiloe, in 1826, 

 can be considered such. But the unsettled state of 

 the government, and the maladministration of its af- 

 fairs, have impeded the prosperity of the country. 

 In July, 1826, the director Freire resigned his office, 

 and admiral Manuel Blanco was appointed in his 

 place. In May, 1827, the form of the government 

 was changed, and, Blanco having resigned, Freire 

 was again called to the head of affairs as president, 

 but refused to be qualified ; and the administration 

 of the government devolved upon don Francisco 

 A. Pinto, the vice-president. Three attempts have 

 been made to effect a solid organization of the 

 government by means of a permanent constitution. 

 One constituent congress assembled in 1823, an- 

 other in 1824, and a third in 1826 ; but neither of 

 them accomplished the object of their meeting, and 

 the country is agitated still between the advocates 

 of a central and of a federal constitution. Steven- 

 son's South. Am., vol. Hi.; Amer. An. Reg., vol. i. 

 and ii. 



CHILLICOTHE ; a post-town and capital of Ross 

 county, Ohio, on the west bank of the Scioto, forty- 

 five miles in a right line, and seventy according to 

 the windings, from its mouth ; Ion. 82 57' W. ; lat. 

 39 18' N.; population, 2426. It is pleasantly sit- 

 uated on the borders of an elevated, extensive, and 

 fertile plain, regularly laid out, the streets crossing 

 each other at right angles, and is a flourishing town. 

 It contains a court-house, a jail, a market-house, 

 three nouses of public worship, a rope-walk, four 

 cotton manufactories, and a steam mill. In the vi- 

 cinity of the town there are many valuable mills. 



CHILLINGWORTH, WILLIAM; an eminent di- 

 vine and writer on controversial theology. He was 

 born at Oxford, in 1602, and received his, education 

 at Trinity college, in the university of that city. He 

 did not confine his academical studies to divinity, but 

 also distinguished himself as a mathematician, and 

 cultivated poetry. Metaphysics and religious casuis- 

 try, however, appear to have been his favourite pur- 



suits ; and lord Clarendon, who was particularly in- 

 timate with him, celebrates his rare talents as a dis- 

 putant, and says he had " contracted such an irre- 

 solution and habit of doubting, that, by degrees, he 

 frew confident of nothing." This sceptical disposi 

 on laid him open to the arguments of a Jesuit, who 

 persuaded him that the church of Rome, in establish- 

 ing the authority of the pope as an infallible judge, 

 afforded the only means for ascertaining the true re- 

 ligion. He was convinced by this reasoning, and con- 

 verted, but subsequently came to the conclusion that 

 he had acted erroneously, and wrote several pieces to 

 justify his second conversion, especially The Religion 

 of Protestants a safe Way to Salvation, first published 

 in 1GS7. Some scruples of conscience, relative to 

 signing the thirty-nine articles, prevented him, for a 

 time, from obtaining church preferment. His scru- 

 ples, however, were so far overcome, that he made 

 the subscription in the usual form, and was promoted 

 to the chancellorship of Salisbury, with the prebend 

 of Brixworth annexed, in July, 1638. On the civil 

 war taking place, Chillingworth joined the king's 

 party, and employed his pen in a treatise Of the Un- 

 lawfulness of resisting the lawful Prince, although 

 most impious, tyrannical, and idolatrous. This tract 

 was not, however, committed to the press. He did 

 not confine himself to literary efforts in support of 

 the royal cause, having, at the siege of Gloucester, in 

 1643, acted as engineer. His classical reading sug- 

 gested to him an imitation of some Roman machine 

 for the attack of fortified places ; but the approach 

 of the parliamentary army prevented the trial of it 

 against the walls of Gloucester. Not long after, he 

 retired to Arundel castle, in an ill state of health, 

 and was made a prisoner on the surrender of that for- 

 tress to Sir William Waller. Being removed, at his 

 own request, to Chichester, he died in the episcopal 

 palace, in January, 1644. Chillingworth published 

 sermons and other theological works, of which the 

 best edition is that of doctor Birch, 1742, folio. 



CHILOE ; a considerable island in the south Paci- 

 fic ocean, on the coast of Chile; Ion. 72 45' W. ; 

 lat. 43 S. ; 140 miles long, and sixty, where widest, 

 broad. It produces most of the necessaries of life ; 

 and much ambergris is found here. The cedar-trees 

 grow to an amazing size. There are many small 

 islands east of Chiloe, in a narrow sea, called the 

 arc/iipelago of Chiloe, which separates the island from 

 the continent. Population of the whole 26,000. 

 Chief town, San Carlos. There are forty-seven 

 islands in the archipelago of Chiloe, thirty-two of 

 them inhabited. 



CHILTERN HILLS ; a range of chalky hills, in 

 England, in the county of Oxford, once covered with 

 woods, supposed to have been, at one time, a royal 

 forest. There still remains a nominal office, called 

 the stewardship of the Chiltern hundreds, in the gift 

 of the crown. By the acceptance of this, a member 

 of the house of commons vacates his seat in parlia- 

 ment. It is, therefore, generally conferred on such 

 members as wish to resign their seats. 



CHIMBORAZO ; a mountain of Colombia, in the 

 province of Quito, about 100 miles S. by W. Quito ; 

 lat. about 2 S. It is the most elevated summit of 

 the Andes, rising to the height of 21,440 feet above 

 the level of the sea, and covered with perpetual 

 snow 2600 feet from the summit and upwards. It 

 presents a magnificent spectacle when seen from the 

 shores of the Pacific ocean after the long rains of 

 winter, when the transparency of the air is suddenly 

 increased, and its enormous circular summit is seen 

 projected upon the deep azure-blue of the equatorial 

 sky. The great rarity of the air, through which the 

 tops of the Andes are seen, adds very much to the 

 splendour of the snow, and aids the magical effect of 



