CHRISTOPHER CHROMATIC. 



facing what Iiad cost them so much toil to construct 

 Thus ended a reign, from which the friends of the 

 blacks anticipated much, and with justice. Christo- 

 phe's policy was probably better calculated than that 

 of lYtion and Boyer to advance the prosperity of Hay- 

 ti. Agriculture and commerce flourished under him, 

 and declined under the latter ; but, his government 

 In-ing purely a military despotism, in which he himself 

 \\a* every tiling, and the wishes of his people were 

 totally disregarded, the administration degenerated 

 into a system of tyranny which proved insupportable. 

 (An Necrol., 1821 ; Franklin's Hayti; Malo, His. 

 d'Hayti.) 



CHRISTOPHER, dukfl of Wurtemberg,one of the 

 wNest rulers mentioned in history, was born in 1515. 

 His youth was a constant scene of adversity. When 

 he was but four years old, the confederated Suabian 

 cities expelled his rather, the duke of Wurtemberg, 

 from his dominions, and sold the dukedom to Austria. 

 Christopher was brought to Vienna, and was hardly 

 saved by his tutor, Tytferni, from the hands of the 

 Turks, when that city was besieged by Solyman. He 

 was a second time preserved from captivity, by the 

 same individual, in 1532, when Charles V. intended 

 to bury his person and his claims on Wurteml)erg in 

 a Spanish convent. Christopher had been conveyed 

 almost to the frontiers of Spain, when he fled, and 

 safely readied Bavaria, the duke of whicli was his 

 uncle, and, together with Philip of Hesse, now com- 

 menced a war against Austria, to compel her to re- 

 sign her claims on Wurtemberg. Francis I. supplied 

 them with money to carry on the contest. The bat- 

 tle of Laufeii, in 1534, restored the father of Christo- 

 pher to the government of Wurtemberg. Christo- 

 pher himselt, whom his father disliked, went into 

 the French service. After eight years, he was re- 

 called. In 1550, his father died ; but he could not 

 consider himself securely possessed of the dukedom 

 until 1552, when he immediately began to devote 

 himself in every way to the improvement of his sub- 

 jects. He re-established the Lutheran religion, which 

 had been prohibited in the interregnum, and, in so 

 doing, gratified the wishes of his subjects. But he 

 did not appropriate the possessions of convents, and 

 other ecclesiastical establishments, to himself, as so 

 many or most of the Protestant princes did, but form- 

 ed of them a great fluid, called the ff^urtembergian 

 church property, to be used for supplying the wants 

 of the church, and for other beneficent purposes. 

 The Wurtembergian cloister schools, for the education 

 of young clergymen, and the great theological semi- 

 nary at Tubingen, are his work. He improved the 

 schools so, that education in Wurtemberg, even at the 

 present time, is, perhaps in a more flourishing state 

 than in any other part of the world. He extended 

 the liberties of his subjects, and established a civil 

 code, which still exists. At the same time, he was 

 continually attentive to the state of Europe. The 

 fate of Protestantism in Germany wr -. a subject in 

 which he took great interest. He had an interview 

 with Catliarine of Medicis and the Guises, in order to 

 alleviate the fete of the Huguenots, and contributed 

 much to the religious peace at Augsburg in 1555. 

 He endeavoured to unite the Protestant princes of 

 Germany, and was intrusted with many highly honour- 

 able commissions by the empire. He ruled eighteen 

 years, and died in December, 1568 ; but lives still in 

 the memory of the people of Wurtemberg, who re- 

 gard him as the model of a ruler. J. C. Pfister has 

 well described the life of Christopher. 



CHRISTOPHER, ST; a saint whose name and 

 worship are celebrated, but whose history is little 

 known. H,e is reported to have l>een a native of Syriaor 

 Cilicia, who was baptized by St Babylas, bishop of An- 

 tioch, and received the crown of martyrdom, in Asia 



Minor, about the middle of the third century. Re- 

 lics of him are found in several places, principally in 

 Spain. The Eastern church celebrates his festival on 

 the 9th of May ; the Western, on the 25th of July. 

 His intercession was particularly sought in the time of 

 the plague. Christopher, or Cftristophel, literally means 

 bearer of Christ. He is represented as a giar.t, hear- 

 ing the child Jesus upon his shoulders through the sea, 

 which refers to a legend of this saint. The St 

 Christopher of Hemmliiig is one of the finest pic- 

 tures in the gallery of Boisseree (q. v.). 



CHRISTOPHER,Sr (commonly called St Kilt's) ; 

 an island in the West Indies, belonging to Great 

 Britain, discovered by Columbus in 1493, about fit- 

 teen miles in length, and, in general, about four in 

 breadth, but towards the eastern extremity not more 

 than three. Between that part and the rest of the 

 island is a strip of land three miles in length, which 

 does not measure half a mile across. This island 

 contains 43,72(5 acres, of which about 17,000 acres 

 are appropriated to the growth of sugar, and 4000 

 to pasturage. As sugar is the only commodity of 

 any consequence that is raised, except the necessary 

 articles of food, and a little cotton, it is probable that 

 nearly one half of the whole island is unfit for culti- 

 vation. The interior part of the country consists, 

 indeed, of many rugged precipices and barren moun- 

 tains. Of these the loftiest is mount Misery (evi- 

 dently an extinguished volcano), which rises 3711 

 feet in perpendicular height from the sea. The ge- 

 neral average produce of sugar for a series of years is 

 16,000 hogsheads of sixteen cwt., which, as one half 

 only of the whole cane land, or 8500 acres, is annu- 

 ally cut (the remainder being young canes), gives 

 nearly two hogsheads of sixteen cwt. per acre for the 

 whole of the land in ripe canes. This island is di- 

 vided into nine parishes, and contains four towns 

 and hamlets, viz. Basseterre, the present capital, as 

 it was formerly that of the French, containing about 

 800 houses, Sandy Point, Old Road and Deep Bay. 

 Of these, the two first are ports of entry, established 

 by law. The fortifications consist of Charles Fort 

 and Brimstone Hill, both near Sandy Point, three 

 batteries at Basseterre, one at Fig-tree Bay, another 

 at Palmetto Point, and some smaller ones of no great 

 importance. Population, in 1823 4, according to 

 Humboldt, 23,000, of whom 3500 were free persons, 

 and 19,500 slaves. Official value of imports and ex- 

 ports: 



Imports. Exports. 



In 1809 . . 266,064 . . 132,845 

 1810 . . . 253,611 . . . 8l},3b'2 

 Lon. 62 49' W. ; lat. 17 19' N. 



CHROMATE OF IRON, or CHROMEISEN- 

 STEIN, is a mineral substance of very considerable in- 

 terest, as affording one of the most beautiful and dur- 

 able pigments in the arts. It is found disseminated in 

 grains and imperfectly crystallized masses, occasion- 

 ally in regular octahedral crystals, its primary form,, 

 of a black colour, a shining and somewhat metallic 

 lustre. It scratches glass, is opaque, and has a spe- 

 cific gravity of 4.03. According to Vauquelin, that 

 of France consists of 43 chromic acid, 34.7 oxide of 

 iron, 20.3 alumine, silex 2. But chemists, at the 

 present day, consider the chrome in this mineral in 

 the state of an oxide, and not of an acid ; accordingly 

 the mineral is now more correctly denominated OK: 

 ferruginous oxide of chrome. It is found in great 

 abundance in Maryland, at the Bare hills, near Balti- 

 more, and is contained in a steatitic or serpentine 

 rock. It also occurs in small quantities at numerous 

 other places in the United States, and has many Id- 

 ealities in other countries. 



CHROMATIC, in music; one of the three an- 

 cient genera diatonic, chromatic and enharmonic. 



