223 



( HliVSOSTOM CHUQUISACA. 



to return. The people accompanied him tri- 

 umphantly to the city, his ninnies fled, ami peace 

 was restored, but only for a short time. A feast, at- 

 tended \\'th many heathen ceremonies, for the CUM >r- 

 cration of a statue, jpven by the empress, roused the 

 aeal of the archbishop, who publicly exclaimed 

 against it ; and Eudoxia, violently incensed, recalled 

 the prelates devoted to her will, and Chrysostomwas 

 condemned, although forty bishops declared them- 

 selves iii his favour. Arcadius ordered the soldiers 

 to force him from the church, which was profaned 

 and sUiined with blood. Pope Innocent I. and the 

 emperor Honorius declared themselves in favour of 

 Clirysostom, but Arcadius refused to assemble the 

 council, on which the others insisted, and commanded 

 Chrysostom peremptorily to retire to the place of his 

 banishment. He obeyed, and was conveyed to Nice, 

 in Bithynia (404). Soon after his departure, the 

 church and the palace where the senate used to as- 

 semble became a prey to the flames. Many works 

 of art were lost in this conflagration, which the em- 

 peror attributed to the friends of Chrysostom. The 

 Isaurians and Huns laid waste the empire. Chrysos- 

 tom's return was universally desired ; Arcadius re- 

 mained inflexible. Eudoxia died soon after Chrysos- 

 tom's banishment, after having fixed upon the little 

 Armenian town Cucusus, in the wilds of Taurus, for 

 his abode. Exhausted by sickness, deprivations, and 

 the fatigues of his journey, he arrived there, and con- 

 tinued to exert his pious zeal. He sent missionaries 

 to Persia and Phoenicia, and wrote seventeen letters to 

 Olympias, all of which are moral dissertations. He 

 likewise addressed to her his work entitled, " None 

 can injure him who does not injure himself." All 

 Christendom beheld the pious sufferer with love and 

 ailmiration ; at which the emperor, exasperated, com- 

 manded him to be conveyed to the shores of the 

 Pontus Euxinus, to the town of Pityont, situated on 

 its most distant borders. The officers who had him 

 in charge obliged the old man to perform his journey 

 on foot, with has head uncovered, in the burning heat 

 of the sun ; but he fell a prey to exhaustion. In 

 Comana, in Pontus, he was brought to the oratory of 

 the martyr St Basil. He put on white garments, re- 

 ceived the eucharist, uttered a fervent prayer, which 

 he closed, as usual, with the words " Praise be to God 

 for all things," crossed himself, and expired (407), 

 sixty-three years old. His body was interred at the 

 side of that of St Basil ; but, in 438, it was conveyed 

 solemnly to Constantinople, and there interred in the 

 church of the apostles, in the sepulchre of the empe- 

 ror. At a later period, his remains were placed in 

 tie Vatican at Rome. The Greek church celebrates 

 iiis feast on the 13th of November, the Roman on the 

 27 th of January. 



The name of Chrysostom (golden-mouthed) was as- 

 signed to him, after his death, to express the elo- 

 quence which he possessed in so much greater a de- 

 gree than the other fathers of the church. He never 

 rej>eacs himself, and is always original. The vivacity 

 and power of his imagination, the force of his logic, 

 his power of arousing the passions, the beauty and 

 accuracy of his comparisons, the neatness and purity 

 of his style, his clearness and sublimity, place him on 

 a level with the most celebrated Greek authors ; the 

 Christian Church has not a more accomplished ora- 

 tor. The most accurate Greek edition of his works 

 is that of Henry Saville (1612, 9 vols. fol.) ; the most 

 complete Greek and Latin, is that of Montfaucon 

 (Paris, 1618, 13 vols. fol.) Professor Neander, at 

 Berlin, has written a biography of this father of the 

 Church, or rather a history of him and his time, 

 entitled St Chrysostom, a highly esteemed work, full 

 jf the important results of the deep researches of its 

 learned author. 



CHUBB, THOMAS ; a writer in humble life, who 

 obtained great temporary distinction MS a controver- 

 sialist. He was born at Kast Hndlmrn, near Salisbury, 

 and was instructed only in reading, writing, and ac- 

 counts He was apprenticed to a glover, but, at 

 length, became journeyman to a tallow-chandler, and 

 employed his leisure in the acquisition of knowledge, 

 from the best English books which he could procn'iv. 

 In 1715, he published The Supremacy of the Father 

 asserted, &c., the perspicuity and argumentative skill 

 of which obtained for it much notice. Of course, a 

 production, assailing a part of the orthodox, faith, ( |i,l 

 not pass without reply, and a controversial warfare 

 commenced, which lasted as long as his life. In \.l\v >, 

 he offered to the world his thoughts on a variety of 

 topics, moral and theological, in thirty-four tracti*, 

 collected in a 4to volume, of which book Pope, in a 

 letter to Gay, speaks with great respect. Various 

 publications followed, e. g., A Discourse concerning 

 Reason, The true Gospel of Jesus Christ assntcd. 

 Inquiry into the Ground and Foundation of Religion, 

 &c., which manifest his disposition to question many 

 points of orthodoxy. He, however, adhered to the 

 general conclusion, that Jesus was sent from God ns 

 an instructer to mankind, and regularly attended 

 public worship at his parish church until his death. 

 Chubb seems never to have sought to emerge from 

 the humble condition in which fortune had placed 

 him, although he met with some powerful patrons. 

 He died suddenly in February, 1747, aged 68. 



CHULUCANAS ; the name of an ancient ruined 

 city of Peru, on the ridge of the Cordilleras, at the 

 height of 8943 feet above the level of the sea, and on 

 the Paramo of Chulucanas, between the Indian vil- 

 lages of Ayavaca and G uancabamba. Humboldt says, 

 that the great causey of the Incas, lined with free 

 stone one of the most useful and stupendous works 

 ever executed by man, and which may be compared 

 with the finest Roman roads is still in good preserva- 

 tion, between Chulucanas, Guamani and Sagique ; 

 and Francisco Coreal found it perfect in two other 

 places, and states that it yields in nothing to the most 

 magnificent European road. It runs from Quito, 

 through Cuzco, to La Plata, or from the equator t 

 20 of S. latitude. On the summit of the Andes, 

 wherever this road passes, ruins of great buildings a re 

 every where seen. Humboldt counted nine in less 

 than half a degree of latitude ; and Pedro de Cieca 

 de Leon, who wrote in 1541, describes several which 

 he saw in the province of Los Canares. They are 

 now called by the Peruvians, palaces of the Incas, but 

 were probably only fortifications to secure the con- 

 quests of Quito and Chile. 



CHUQUISACA, or LA PLATA; a city of 

 South America, and capital of Bolivia ; lat. 19 40' 

 S. ; Ion. 66 46' W. ; population, 18,000. The in- 

 habitants consist of Indians and Spaniards. It stands 

 on a plain, environed by eminences, which defend it 

 from all winds. The temperature of the air, in sum- 

 mer, is very mild ; nor is there any considerable dif- 

 ference throughout the year. The houses have one 

 story besides the ground floor. They are covered 

 with tiles, and are very roomy and convenient, with 

 delightful gardens, planted with European fruit-trees ; 

 but water is so scarce as hardly to supply the neces- 

 sary purposes of life, and is brought from the several 

 public fountains dispersed in the different parts of the 

 city. The town had the name of La Plata from Us 

 being built near silver mines. It was erected into a 

 bishopric in 1551, the place having then the title of 

 city, and, in 1608, was raised to an archbishopric. 

 The cathedral is large, of good architecture, and fine- 

 ly adorned with paintings and gildings. The city iias 

 also a university, dedicated to St Francis Xavier, the 

 chairs of which are filled indifferently with secular 



