230 



CHURCH MUSIC CHURCH. 



Western church ; Ambrose, dutingaUbed as a Chris- 

 tian orator ; and Jerome, a mail cf much learning, and 

 l>;irticularly happy in explaining the Holy Scriptures, 

 whose efforts, however, contributed much to awaken 

 in the West an admiration for the renunciation of the 

 world and the celiUicy of priests. The fathers of the 

 church are now very much studied by the German 

 l'roiestants, and many parts of their works have been 

 translated. \\'e do not hesitate to say that they are 

 too little studied in Britain, containing, as they do, 

 prcat stores of knowledge relating to the early his- 

 tory of rhri-tianity, and elucidating its character. 

 The work of doctor Neander, Denkirtirdigkciteti aus 

 tier Geschichte ties Christenthums untl des Christlichen 

 Lcbens (Berlin, 1825 6), in which great use has been 

 made of the writings of the fathers, affords abundant 

 evidence of their value. 



CHURCH MUSIC. See Music, Sacred. 



CHURCH, STATES OF THE ; the pope's do- 

 minions in Italy, 'fhey originated with the grant of 

 Fepin, king of the Franks, in 754, who bestowed on 

 Stephen II., bishop of Rome, some districts, which the 

 Lombards, against whom Stephen II. solicited Pepin's 

 assistance, had taken from the exarchate. Charlemagne 

 confirmed this grant in 774, and, in return, received 

 the title of Roman emperor from Leo III., in 800. 

 The suspicious charter of Louis-le-Debonnaire, Otho 

 I., and Henry II., the genuineness of which the papal 

 chamberlain, Marino Marini, has lately (Rome, 1822) 

 endeavoured to establish, are the only proofs of these 

 grants of Pepin and Charlemagne to the popes. The 

 temporal power of the popes over the States of the 

 Church, or the dominion of St Peter, is founded on 

 these documents, of which there only exists a copy, re- 

 ceived of the papal chamberlain Cancio, towards the 

 end of the 12th century. The wise policy of the popes, 

 in conferring favours on the Normans in Lower Italy, 

 secured to them, in these vassals, stanch protectors 

 of the holy see. The structure of the papal power 

 was fully completed in 1075, under Gregory VII. 

 The crusades contributed more to promote the views 

 of the popes in the commencement than in the sequel. 

 The dominions of Mathilda (q. v.) were added to the 

 States of the Church, and the popes maintained pos- 

 session of them against all the claims of the German 

 emperors. The papal chair removed a dangerous 

 neighlxmr belonging to the house of Hohenstaufen, 

 by raising the house of Anjou to the throne of Naples, 

 in the year 1265. The tyranny of the heads of the 

 church, added to their corrupt life, at last provoked the 

 Romans to opposition, and the popes were obliged to 

 transfer their residence, from 1305 till 1376, to Avig- 

 non, which Clement VI. bought of Joanna, queen of 

 Naples and countess of Provence, in 1348. As the 

 choice of the popes made under the influence of- the 

 king of France seldom or never obtained the assent 

 of the Romans and Germans, antipopes were elected 

 by the latter, and the welfare of the church, as well as 

 of the state, suffered by their mutual hostilities. 

 The return of the popes to Rome was favourable to 

 the aggrandizement of then- power, although the 

 German councils often expressed themselves in bold 

 un<\ independent language. Julius II . added Bologna 

 to the papal dominions in 1513, and Ancona hi 1532. 

 The Venetians were obliged to cede Ravenna. 

 Ferrara was wrested from Modena in 1598, and Ur- 

 bino was bequeathed to the papal chair, in 1626, by 

 its last duke, Francis Maria, of the house of Rovera. 

 At the same time, the popes lost a great part of their 

 temporal and spiritual influence, to the diminution of 

 which the rapid progress of the reformation from the 

 year 1517, greatly contributed. The wise adminis- 

 tration of Sixtus V. restored internal order towards 

 the end of the 16th century ; but the extravagance 

 and family partialities of his successors created fresh 



disorder. Clement XIV. was forced to abolish th 

 order of the Jesuits, in 1773. Subsequently, Naples 

 renounced her feudal obligations to the papal chair, 

 and even the journey of Pius VI. to Vienna, in 1782 

 could not prevent the great changes which Joseph 

 II. was making in the ecclesiastical alliiirs of his 

 kingdom. After the successes of the French in 

 Italy, the pope was forced, at the peace of Tolentino, 

 Feb. 13, 1797, to cede Avignon to France, and Ko- 

 magna, Bologna, and Ferrara to the Cisalpine repub- 

 lic. An insurrection in Rome against the French, 

 Dec. 28, 1797, caused the occupation of the city, Feb. 

 10, 1798, and the annexation of the States of the 

 Church to the Roman republic. Pius VI. diet! in 

 Fr.ince. The victories of the Russians and Austrians 

 in Italy favoured the election of pope Pius VII., 

 March J4, 1800, who, under the protection of Aus- 

 trian troops, took possession of Rome. By the concor- 

 dat concluded, in 1801, with the first consul of the 

 Frencli republic, the pope again lost a great part 

 of his temporal power. In 1807, the holy father was 

 urged to Introduce the Code Napoleon, and to declare 

 war against Britain. He refused; and, on the 3d 

 of April, France was declared to be at war with 

 the pope, and the provinces of Ancona, I" rhino, Ma- 

 cerate, and Camerino were added to the kingdom of 

 Italy. The possessions of the church beyond the 

 Apennines were all that remained to the pope. (See the 

 correspondence of Pius VI 1. with Napoleon, in Staud- 

 lin's historical Archives of the States of the Church, I 

 vol., 1815.) Feb. 2, 1808, a French corps of 8000 

 men entered Rome; the remainder of the papal 

 states were added to France, and a pension of 

 2,000,000 of francs settled on the pope, whose ec- 

 clesiastical power was to continue. The decree of 

 May 17, 1809, at length put sai end to the ecclesias- 

 tical state. The pope was detained in France until 

 the events of 1814 again permitted him to take pos- 

 session of his states. See Pius VII. 



The States of the Church (Stato della Ckiesd) 

 17,185 square miles, with 2,460,000 inhabitants, oc- 

 cupying ninety towns, 212 market-places, and 3500 

 villages are situated in the centre of Italy, between 

 Lombardy, Tuscany, Naples, and the Tuscan and 

 Adriatic seas. The Apennines (which include the 

 Somma, 6800 ft., and Velino, 7872 ft. high) traverse 

 the country from N.W. to S.E. The rivers are small, 

 with the exception of the Po (which touches the 

 northern boundary, and forms the marshes of Com- 

 machio) and its branches. The most considerable is 

 the Tiber, navigable from Perugia. Pope Leo XII. 

 (Genga) reigned from 1823 till Feb. 15, 1829. Pius 

 VIII. (cardinal Castiglione) succeeded him. The re- 

 venue is estimated at twelve millions, and the nation- 

 al debt at 200 millions of florins. There is a stand- 

 ing army of 9000 men. The navy consists of two fri- 

 gates and a few small vessels. The emperor of 

 Austria has the right to garrison the citadel of Fer- 

 rara. Internal tranquillity is not yet restored. In 

 1816 the States of the Church, with the exception of 

 Rome, Tivoli, and Subiaco, which are under the im- 

 mediate administration of the pope, were divided into 

 seventeen delegations, which, when under the go- 

 vernment of cardinals, are called legations. Protes- 

 tants, Greeks, and Jews are tolerated. The religious 

 orders and the Jesuits have been re-established, as 

 was also, in 1826, the university of Urbino. This fer- 

 tile country is not very well governed. It pnxluces 

 all kinds of corn, the finest fruits, such as oranges, 

 lemons, figs, dates, &c. ; a great quantity of oil, good 

 wines, and mulberries, &c. The hills are covered 

 with thick forests ; the finest marble is found here ; 

 and there are, likewise, traces of various metals ; but 

 these advantages are not sufficiently estimated. Min- 

 ing is not known ; agriculture is neglected; but UK? 



