CHURCHILL CIBBER. 



233 



titude to the duke by the gifts of the honour of Wood- 

 stock and hundred of Wotton, and erected a palace 

 for him, one of the finest seats in the kingdom. Med- 

 als were struck in honour of the event, which Addi- 

 son also celebrated in his poem of the Campaign. 

 After the next campaign, which was inactive, he 

 visited the courts of Berlin, Hanover, and Venice, 

 and his conciliating manner, great prudence, and 

 perfect command of himself, contributed to render 

 him as successful in his negotiations as in the field. 

 The new emperor, Joseph, invested him with the title 

 of prince of the empire, which was accompanied by a 

 present of the principality of Mindelheim. On the 

 victory of Ramillies, a bill was passed to settle his 

 honours upon the male and female issue of his daugh- 

 ters. He next visited the German courts in the al- 

 liance, and waited upon Charles XII. of Sweden, 

 then in Saxony. His reception was cold and reserv- 

 ed, yet he had sufficient penetration to perceive that 

 the king would not interfere with the allied powers. 

 In the campaign of 1707, his antagonist was the fe- 

 mous duke de Vendome, over whom he gained na 

 advantage. He was also disappointed in his endeav- 

 ours to rouse the confederacy into more activity. On 

 his return to England, he found that the duchess was 

 out of favour with the queen ; and though he was 

 received with the usual attentions, yet it was evident 

 his popularity at court was on the decline. In 1708, 

 in conjunction with prince Eugene, he gained the 

 battle of Oudenard, and pushed the victory so far, 

 that the French king entered into a negotiation for 

 peace, which was ot no effect. In 1709, he defeated 

 marshal Villars at Malplaquet ; but this action was 

 attended with great slaughter on both sides, the allies 

 losing 18,000 men, which loss was but ill repaid by 

 the capture of Mons. The prevalence of the tories 

 in England rendered the French war unpopular, and 

 the preaching and prosecution of Sacheverel created 

 a sensation unfavourable to its continuance. On the 

 next visit of the duke to England, he found that the 

 duchess, by her great arrogance, had so disgusted 

 the queen that a total breach had ensued ; and though 

 he was still received with public honours, he could 

 by no means boast of his former influence. Early in 

 1710, he returned to the army, and with prince Eu- 

 gene, gained another victory over Villars, and took 

 the towns of Douay, A ire, and St Venant. During 

 his absence, a new ministry was chosen, composed of 

 men hostile to him and his views, and, on his return, 

 he was consequently expected to resign ; but this he 

 would not do, and dissembling his indignation, again 

 repaired to the field, and signalized himself by the 

 capture of Bouchain. Finding that he would not 

 resign his command, it was taken from him ; and a 

 prosecution was even commenced against him for ap- 

 plying the public money to private purposes. Dis- 

 gusted by this gross ingratitude, he repaired to the 

 Low Countries, where he was received with the 

 greatest honour. He returned a short time before 

 tlie queen's death, and, on the accession of George 

 I., was restored to favour and reinstated in the su- 

 preme military command. The last public transac- 

 tion in which he took a part was the defeat of the 

 rebellion, in 1715, in which his advice was taken. 

 Retinng trom all public employments, his mental fa- 

 cilities gradually decayed, and falling into second 

 childhood, he died at Windsor Lodge, in 1722, in the 

 73d year of his age, leaving four daughters, who 

 married into families of the first distinction. 



He was rather a man of solid sense than of genius, 

 and was gifted with great coolness and self-posses- 

 sion. He was not even moderately conversant in 

 literature, but so well versed in all courtly arts, that 

 he always acquitted himself with honour in the deli- 

 cate negotiations in which lie was employed. His 



proficiency in the graces is said by lord Chesterfield 

 to have been the chief cause of these successes. But 

 his fame rests chiefly upon his military talents, of 

 which he gave most illustrious proofs. As regards 

 his morals, he seems to have been much guidea by 

 interest ; and it does not appear that he ever ceased 

 intriguing with the Stuart family, whose restoration 

 seemed at one time far from improbable. Neither 

 does his connexion with the whigs appear to have 

 been sincere, for, according to Macpherson, he held 

 a correspondence with lord Bolingbroke, hoping to be 

 restored to power through the influence of the tory 

 ministry. His avarice was equally notorious with his 

 ambition ; yet it does not appear that he ever made 

 an unjust use of his ascendency. His political enemy, 

 the celebrated earl of Peterborough, pronounced his 

 eulogy in these words : " He was so great a man that 

 I have forgotten his faults" a sentence which, upon 

 the whole, tolerably well conveys the judgment of 

 posterity. His duchess has been almost equally cele- 

 brated for her boundless ambition and avarice. She 

 died in 1744, having amassed immense riches. She 

 presented Mr Hooke with 5,000 to write a book, 

 entitled An Account of the Conduct of the Dowager 

 Duchess of Marlborovg/i. and bequeathed 500 to 

 Mallet to write the life of the duke ! In 1788, a se- 

 lection of curious papers was published by lord Hailes, 

 under the title of The Opinions of Sarah Duchess of 

 Marlborough, The duchess was the Atossa in Pope's 

 Satire on Women. 



CHURCH-YARD. See Burying-P laces and Ce- 

 metery. 



CHYLE. See Chyme. 



CHYME, in animal economy. In the process of 

 digestion, the food is subjected to a temperature us- 

 ually above 90 of Fahrenheit. It is mixed with the 

 gastric juice, a liquor secreted by the glands of the 

 stomach, and is made to undergo a moderate and al- 

 ternate pressure, by the contraction of the stomach 

 itself. It is thus converted into a soft, uniform mass, 

 of a grayish colour, in which the previous texture or 

 nature of the aliment can be no longer distinguished. 

 The chyme, as this pulpy mass into which the food in 

 the stomach is resolved is termed, passes by the 

 pylorus into the intestinal canal, where it is mixed 

 with the pancreatic juice and the bile, and is still ex- 

 posed to the same temperature and alternating 

 pressure. The thinner parts of it are absorbed 

 by the slender tubes termed the lacteals. The li- 

 quor thus absorbed is of a white colour ; it passes 

 through the glands of the mesentery, and is at length 

 conveyed by the thoracic duct in the blood. This 

 part of the process is termed chylification, and the 

 white liquor thus formed, chyle. It is an opaque, 

 miiky fluid, mild to the taste. By standing for some 

 time, one part of it coagulates ; another portion is 

 coagulated by heat. The chyle, after mixing with 

 thelymph conveyed by the absorbent vessels, is re- 

 ceived into the blood, which has returned from the 

 extreme vessels, before this passes to the heart. All 

 traces of it are very soon lost in the blood, as it mixes 

 perfectly with that fluid. It is probable, however, 

 that its nature is not immediately completely altered. 

 The blood passing from the heart is conveyed to the 

 lungs, where it circulates over a very extensive sur- 

 face presented to the atmospheric air, with the in- 

 tervention of a very thin membrane, which does not 

 prevent their mutual action. During this circulation, 

 the blood loses a considerable quantity of carbon, 

 part of which, it is probable, is derived from the im- 

 perfectly assimilated chyle, as this originating in part 

 from vegetable matter, must contain carbon in larger 

 proportion than even the blood itself. 



CIBBER, COLLEY, a dramatic writer and actor, 

 was born in London, 1671, served under the duke of 



