CLARENDON CLARINET. 



259 



manganese, and lead and copper ores in various 

 places : but none of these minerals have yet been 

 worked to any great advantage. Clare returns three 

 members to parliament, two for the county, and one 

 for the borough of Ennis. Population in 1831, 

 258,262. 



CLARENDON ; a village three miles east of Salis- 

 bury, where Henry II. summoned a council of the 

 barons and prelates, in 1164, who enacted the laws 

 called the constitutions of Clarendon, by which the 

 power of the pope in England was checked. 



CLARENDON. EDWARD HYDE, earl of Claren- 

 don, lord high chancellor of England, was born pro- 

 bably at Dinton, in Wiltshire, 1608, was educated at 

 Oxford, and afterwards studied law under liis uncle 

 Nicholas Hyde, chief justice of the king's bench. He 

 was a member of the Jong parliament under Charles 

 I. ; and the purity of his intentions, his attachment to 

 the laws of his country, and the talents- which he dis- 

 played, gained him the confidence of that body. Upon 

 the breaking out of the civil war, he attached himself 

 to the king's party ; became chancellor of the exche- 

 quer and member of the privy council, and followed 

 prince Charles (afterwards Charles II.) to Jersey. 

 Here he remained for two years, while the prince Avas 

 in France, and during that time began his History of 

 the Rebellion. He likewise composed at Jersey the 

 various writings which appeared in the king's name, 

 as answers to the manifestoes of the parliament. 

 After Charles I. was beheaded, the new king called 

 him to France, and sent him to Madrid, to see if any 

 assistance could be obtained from the Spanish court. 

 From thence he went to Paris to reconcile the queen 

 mother with the duke of York, and afterwards to the 

 Hague, where Charles II. appointed him lord chan- 

 cellor of England, in 1657. After Cromwell's death, 

 Edward Hyde contributed more than any other man 

 to the happy termination of the measures which placed 

 Charles II. on the throne. He subsequently possessed 

 the entire confidence of the king, who loaded him 

 with favours. In ] 660, he was elected chancellor of 

 the university of Oxford ; in 1 661, he was made peer 

 and baron Hyde, viscount Cornbury, and earl of 

 Clarendon. Many events occurred to disquiet him 

 in the licentious court of Charles II. ; among these 

 was the marriage of the duke of York, the king's 

 brother, to his daughter. The duke, while at Breda, 

 the residence of his sister, the princess of Orange, be- 

 came acquainted with Anne Hyde, Clarendon's eldest 

 daughter, maid of honour to the princess, and married 

 her, November, 1659, without the knowledge of the 

 king or the chancellor. Anne's pregnancy occasion- 

 ed me disclosure of this union after Charles's restora- 

 tion. As soon as the king had ascertained the vali- 

 dity of the marriage, he acknowledged Anne Hyde 

 as duchess of York, commanded his brother to con- 

 tinue to love her, and, at the same time, declared that 

 this event had not changed his sentiments towards the 

 chancellor. Two daughters, Anne and Mary, were 

 the fruit of this marriage, both of whom ascended the 

 British throne. In 1663, lord Bristol made an attack 

 upon the cliancellor in the parliament. This body, 

 however, disregarded his accusations. Attempts were 

 also made to injure him in public opinion, while, on 

 the other hand, his influence with the king was de- 

 clining, as Charles had now less regard for an able 

 minister than for the instruments of his prodigality. 

 The duke of Buckingham, moreover, was continually 

 labouring to make the chancellor ridiculous in the 

 eyes of the king, and his station as prime minister 

 made the ration regard him as answerable for all the 

 faults of the administration. The ill success of the 

 war against Holland, the sale of Dunkirk, and other 

 events, excited public indignation. The king's dis- 

 pleasure was changed into hatred, when he saw his 



plan of repudiating his wife, and marrying the beauti- 

 ful lady Stuart, defeated by Clarendon, who effected 

 a marriage between this lady and the duke of Rich- 

 mond. The king deprived him of his offices, and an 

 impeachment for high treason was commenced against 

 him. Clarendon fled, and sent his apology from 

 Calais to the house of lords. Both houses ordered 

 this writing to be burned by the common hangman, 

 and Clarendon was banished forever. The hatred of 

 the nation pursued him even to the continent. At 

 Evreux, he was attacked by some British sailors, 

 dangerously wounded, and with difficulty rescued 

 from their hands. He lived six years at Montpellier, 

 Moulins, and Rouen, at which latter place he died 

 December, 1674. His remains were afterwards car- 

 ried to England, and buried in Westminster abbey. 

 Lord Clarendon, as long as he was minister, was the 

 friend and supporter of the king against the factious, 

 and the defender of his countiys freedom against the 

 abuse of the royal power. Ingratitude and prejudice 

 the more easily ruined him, as his stern and proud 

 character prevented his gaining affection. Among 

 his many writings, the most important is the History 

 of the Rebellion, from 1641 down to the Restoration 

 of Charles II. It is a very able work, although not 

 free from prejudices. To this was added, in 1759, 

 his Life and a Continuation of his History. 



CLARET. See Bordelais Wines. 



CLARICHORD, or CLAVICHORD. A keyed 

 instrument, now out of use, somewhat in the form of 

 a spinet, and the strings of which are supported by 

 five bridges. One distinction in the clarichord is, 

 that the strings are covered with pieces of cloth, 

 which render the sound sweeter, and, at the same 

 time, deaden it, so as to prevent its being heard at 

 any considerable distance. On this account, it was 

 formerly much used by the nuns, who could practise 

 on it without disturbing the dormitory. It is some- 

 times called the dumb spinet. 



CLARIFICATION, or the separation of the in- 

 soluble particles that prevent a liquid from being- 

 transparent, may be performed by depuration, filtra- 

 tion, or coagulation In the first of these operations, 

 the liquid is permitted to subside, without being in 

 the least disturbed, until all the particles which were 

 in suspension are precipitated ; it is then decanted. 

 This mode of clarification can only be used when the 

 substance on which we operate is in a large quantity, 

 or is of a nature not to be altered during the time 

 necessary to complete this operation, and finally when 

 its specific gravity is less than that of the particles 

 which render it turbid. Filtration is a process by 

 which a liquid is strained through a body, the inter- 

 stices of which are small enough to stop the solid 

 particles contained in it. Filters of wool, linen, 

 paper, powdered glass, sand, or charcoal, may be 

 used, according as the liquid is more or less dense, 

 or of a nature to operate upon any one of these 

 bodies. Finally, clarification by coagulation is per- 

 formed with the assistance of albumen contained in 

 the liquid, or added to it for this purpose, which, 

 by the action of caloric, of acids, &c., becomes 

 solid, forms a mass, and precipitates the extraneous 

 substances. The white of eggs is generally used for 

 this purpose. 



CLARINET. A wind instrument of the reed 

 kind, the scale of which, though it includes every se- 

 mitone within its extremes, is virtually defective. 

 Its lowest note is E below the F clef, from which it 

 is capable in the hands of good performers, of as- 

 cending more than three octaves. Its powers, through 

 this compass, are not everywhere equal ; the player, 

 therefore, has not a free choice in his keys, being 

 generally confined to those of C and F, which, indeed, 

 are the only keys in which the clarinet is heard to. 



