264 



CLAVIJO Y FLAXARDO CLEMENT. 



traditions, ami studied their historical paintings, and 

 other monuments of antiquity. The first of his re- 

 searches was a History of Mexico, written in Italian, 

 of which an English translation in 2 vols. 4to. was 

 published in 1787. This is a most comprehensive 

 work, affording a great deal of information relative 

 to the natural ana civil history, antiquities, and re- 

 ligion of Mexico ; but it displays more industry than 

 judgment on the part of the author. 



CLAVIJO Y FLAXARDO, DON JOSEPH; a 

 Spaniard, who fell a sacrifice to a quarrel with Beau- 

 uiarchais. He lived in Madrid, where he had the 

 reputation of an intelligent scholar, and had publish- 

 ed a journal. El Pensador, and other useful works, 

 \\licn his connexion with the sister of Beaumarchais, 

 whom he had loved, and then forsaken, gave rise to 

 an affair of honour between him and the brother of 

 the lady, who was formidable for talent rather than 

 courage. This affair nearly occasioned Clavijo the 

 the loss of his life, and deprived him of his office and 

 the good opinion cf his fellow citizens. He passed 

 the remainder of his life under a kind of dishonour 

 which the representations of his adversary had 

 brought upon iiim. For more than twenty years, he 

 superintended the publication of the Mercurio His- 

 toricoy Politico de Madrid, with which he had been 

 intrusted as early as 1773. He likewise translated 

 Million's Natural History into Spanish (Madrid, 1785 

 90, 12 vols.). He was vice-director of the cabinet 

 of natural history, and director of the Theatre de los 

 Sitios, when he died in 1806. Far from resembling 

 the detestable portrait which Beaumarchais draws of 

 him, Clavijo was of a mild disposition, upright cha- 

 racter, and a clear understanding. Goethe founded 

 his tragedy Clavigo on Beaumarcnais's story. 



CLAVIS (Latin for key) is often used for a draw- 

 ing, an index, &c., which serves as a guide to the 

 understanding of another work ; for instance, clavis 

 Cieeronia, clavis Homerica, &c. 



CLAY is a mixture of decomposed minerals, and 

 hence it is by no means uniform in its composition. 

 Several varieties soften in water, and allow them- 

 selves to be kneaded and formed into moulds a pro- 

 perty by which they are fitted for the use so commonly 

 made of them. Some are easily fusible, others refrac- 

 tory ; some acquire particular tints, others lose their 

 colour and become wnite when exposed to a strong 

 heat; upon all of which properties their applicabili- 

 ty depends. They occur in beds near the surface of 

 the earth, or, covered by the soil, in the formations of 

 brown and black coal. In the latter situation, they of- 

 ten contain remains of vegetables, and are called slate 

 clay, which is intimately related to bituminous shale 

 and alum-earth. Alumine is the basis of all clays, 

 and imparts to them their predominating characters. 

 . tis mixed with very variable proportions of silex, mag- 

 nesia, lime, and oxide of iron. The varieties of clay 

 are of various important applications in pottery, hi 

 manufacturing stone-ware and porcelain, in construct- 

 ing furnaces for metallurgic operations, c. Some 

 ofthe principal varieties are indurated clay, or clay 

 stone, which is clay in its highest state of induration. 

 It is soft, but not easily diffused in water, and does 

 not form with it a ductile paste. Porcelain clay, so 

 named from the use to which it is applied, is white, 

 with occasional shades of yellow and grey. It is 

 dull and opaque ; feels soft ; in water, it falls to 

 powder, and, when kneaded, it forms a ductile paste. 

 It is, in general, infusible by any heat that can be 

 raised. It consists essentially of silex and alum in e ; 

 that of Cornwall contains sixty parts of alumine with 

 twenty of silex.^.Po#er'* clay and pipe clay are 

 similar, but less pure, generally of a yellowish or 

 grayish colour, from the presence of iron. Loam 

 u the same substance mixed with sand, oxide of iron, 



and various other foreign ingredients. The boles, 

 which are of a red or yellow colour, are of a similar 

 composition, and appear to owe their colours to oxide 

 of iron. They are distinguished by their conchoidai 

 fracture. The ochres are similar to the lx>les, con- 

 taining only more oxide of iron. Fuller's earth has 

 an earthy fracture, sometimes slaty, is dull und 

 opaque. In water, it falls to powder, without form- 

 ing a ductile paste. It is used to remove 

 from cloth. Tripoli is found loose or indurated ; its 

 fracture is earthy ; it feels harsh and dry ; docs not 

 adhere to the tongue. It is used for polishing the 

 metals and glass. The clays are too generally dis- 

 tributed to require the enumeration or their locali- 

 ties. See the article China-ware. 



CLEMENCE ISAURE, daughter of Ltidovico 

 Isaure, born in 1464, near Toulouse, lost her brave 

 father when she was only five years old. She was 

 educated in solitude, and grew up, endowed by na- 

 ture with beauty and talents. Near to her garden 

 dwelt a young troubadour, named Raoul, wiio be- 

 came enamoured of her, and communicated his pas- 

 sion in songs, in which her name and his were united. 

 The maiden replied, not with words, but with flow- 

 ers, agreeably to the petition of her lover 



Vous avez inspire mes vers, 

 Qu'une fleur soil ma recompense 



and Raoul could well interpret their meaning. He 

 was the natural son of count Raymond of Toulouse, 

 and followed his father to the war against the emperor 

 Maximilian. In the battle of Guigenaste, both were 

 slain, and Isaure resolved to take the veil. Before 

 doing so, however, she renewed the poetic festival 

 which had been established by the gay company of 

 the seven troubadours, but had been, for a long time, 

 forgotten, gave it the name of Jeux floraux (q. v.), 

 and assigned, as prizes for the victors of the poetical 

 contests, the five different flowers which had served 

 her as means for replying to her lover's passion. 

 These flowers were wrought in gold and silver. 

 Clemence Isaure appropriated all her fortune to the 

 support of this institution. She was versed her- 

 self hi the gaye science, and, having fixed upon the 

 1st of May as the day for the distribution of the 

 prizes, she composed an ode on spring, which ac- 

 quired for her the surname of the Sappho of Toulouse. 



CLEMENT ; the name assumed by many popes. 

 Of these, Clement XI V., who abolished the order of 

 Jesuits, was perhaps the most distinguished. He 

 died in 1774. 



CLEMENT, TITUS FLAVIUS (probably a native of 

 Athens, but, on account of the place of his residence, 

 commonly called the Alexandrian), was one of the 

 most famous teachers of the Christian church, in the 

 second and at the beginning of the third century. He 

 had been a heathen philosopher, was converted to 

 Christianity, and, after travelling a long time in 

 Greece, Italy, and the East, became presbyter ofthe 

 church of Alexandria, and teacher (catechetes) of the 

 school in that city, in which place he succeeded Pan- 

 taenus, his teacher, and was succeeded by Origen, his 

 pupil. These three instructors increased the fame of 

 the Alexandrian school in the second and third cen- 

 turies. Clement was a fertile writer. The most im- 

 portant among those of his productions which have 

 been handed down to us, are inscribed njTflrT/*cf, 

 Hadtpywyos , and 2>rj>up.ixrils, or ^T^ufjMTa.. The first 

 is an exhortation to the heathens to embrace Christi- 

 anity, the second an exposition of Christian morals, 

 and the third, which exhibits the most varied erudi- 

 tion, has the title Carpets, on account of the variety 

 of subjects, moral, metaphysical, theological, histori- 

 cal, which are here interwoven. It has been justly 

 remarked that these works are an imitation of the 

 degrees of the Greek mysteries. The first was the 



