CLEMENTI Cl EOMENES. 



265 



A*<>j<r/f,the purification from the former life ; the 

 second the MtWif, consecration; the third the 'Ev/>*- 

 <r<ix, inspection. The works of Clement are of great 

 importance, as enabling us to judge of the state of sci- 

 ence in his time, and because they contain fragments 

 and accounts of lost works of antiquity. Clement 

 introduced the eclectic philosophy into Christianity, 

 and promoted the allegorical and mystical explana- 

 tion of the sacred writings. The philosophy and 

 erudition which gained him the admiration of his 

 tune, but also seduced him, at times, into singular 

 speculations, caused him, at a later period, to be con- 

 sidered a heretic, and to lose, with the orthodox, the 

 name of saint, which had been conferred on him. 

 The first editions of his works are that at Florence, 

 in 1550, and that at Heidelberg (Commelin.), 1592, 

 by Frederic Sylburg, both in fofio. The most com- 

 plete is that of John Potter, Oxon., A Theatro Shel- 

 don. 1715, reprinted at Venice, 1757. 



CLEMENTI, MDZIO ; a distinguished performer 

 on the piano-forte, was born in Rome, in 1752. His 

 father, a silversmith, was himself fond of music, and 

 had his son instructed as well as his means allowed, 

 young Clementi showing great talent and inclination 

 for this art. Buroni, one of his relations, was his first 

 master. In his seventh year, an organist, Cordicelli. 

 instructed him in thorough-base, and, in his ninth 

 year, he passed an examination as an organist. He 

 then received instruction from the famous singer, San- 

 tarelli, and from Carpini, the celebrated contrapuntist. 

 At this time, in his twelfth year, he wrote a mass for 

 four voices, which was received with great applause, 

 lie had made such progress in his performance on 

 the piano-forte, that an Englishman, Mr Beckford, 

 was anxious to take him to England. The father at 

 length consented, and young Clementi studied at the 

 country seat of Mr Beckford, in Dorsetshire, and 

 soon made himself master of the English language. 

 In his eighteenth year, he far excellea all his contem- 

 poraries in skill and expression, and published his 

 Opus II., which formed a new epoch in this species 

 or composition. It has furnished the basis of all mo- 

 dern sonatas for the piano-forte, and its simplicity 

 and novelty have attracted the admiration of all con- 

 noisseurs and amateurs. After leaving Dorsetshire, 

 he was engaged as director of the orchestra of the 

 opera in London. His fame increased rapidly. In 

 the year 1780, he went to Paris, where he was receiv- 

 ed with enthusiasm. From thence he proceeded, in the 

 summer of 1781, to Vienna, where he became acquaint- 

 ed with Mozart and Haydn, and played before the Em- 

 peror Joseph II. with the former. He likewise pub- 

 lished several compositions. In 1784, he repeated 

 his visit to Paris, but, after that, remained in England 

 till 1802. The loss which he sustained from the fail- 

 ure of a large commercial establishment induced him 

 to give lessons in music for a time. In his leisure 

 hours, he occupied himself with playing on the piano- 

 forte, and the improvement of this instrument. He 

 had previously published his famous Introduction to 

 the Art of Piano-forte Playing. In the year 1802, he 

 went to Paris, for the third time, with his scholar 

 Field ; from thence to Vienna and to St Petersburg, 

 where Field remained. Clementi was universally ad- 

 mired. From Petersburg, the piano-forte player 

 /euner followed him to Berlin and Dresden. From 

 Dresden, he was accompanied byKlengel the organ- 

 ist, who was anxious to improve under his care. At 

 Berlin, Clementi married his second wife, whom he 

 took with Ju'm into Italy, but lost on his return to 

 Berlin. He then went anew to St Petersburg, with 

 the distinguished piano-forte performer and instruc- 

 tor Berger, and aftenvards returned again to Vienna. 

 In the following year, family concerns carried him to 

 Home and Milan. In the summer of 1810, he ven- 



tured, notwithstanding the closure of the continental 

 ports, to return to England, where he arrived safely, 

 and married his third wife. In the mean time, he 

 continued to compose, and wrote some grand sym- 

 phonies for the philliarmonic society. One of his 

 most valuable works is his Gradus ad Parnassum 

 which occupied him a long time. He likewise su- 

 perintended the construction of instruments, and this 

 business was very lucrative to him. He had one of 

 the principal musical establishments in London, his 

 instruments being highly esteemed. In 1820, he 

 again went to the continent, and remained at Leipsic 

 till Easter in 1821, where two new symphonies of his 

 were performed. He died on the 10th March, 1832, 

 and was interred in Westminster Abbey. 



CLEMENTINES ; the name given to certain or- 

 dinances proceeding from popes of the name of Cle- 

 ment, chiefly such as were given at the council of 

 Vienne, in 1311, by Clement V. (q. v.), and which 

 form a part of the corpus juris canonici. See Canon 

 Law. 



CLEOBIS and BITON. Herodotus relates an 

 affecting story of these two youths, the sons of Cy- 

 dippe, chief-priestess of Juno at Argos. At the 

 'Heaia, a feast in honour of Juno, it was customary for 

 the chief-priestess to be drawn by two white oxen. On 

 one occasion, the procession had already begun to 

 move, and the oxen had not arrived ; upon which Cleo- 

 bis and Biton drew the chariot of their mother, for a 

 distance of forty -five stadia, up the mountain where the 

 . temple of Juno stood. The people applauded, and the 

 j mother was so affected by this instance of filial affec- 

 tion, that she begged the goddess to grant her sons 

 the best gift which could be conferred on mortals. 

 While the youths were yet in the temple, a soft sleep 

 fell upon them and they never awoke. (Herodot. i., 

 31.) The Argives placed the statues of Cleobis and 

 Biton in the temple at Delphi, and hi a temple at 

 Argolis they were represented drawing the chariot of 

 then- mother. (Pausan. ii., 20.) 



CLEOBULUS; one of the seven wise men, as 

 they were called ; a native of Lindus, or, according 

 to some, of Rhodes, or Caria. He travelled to Egypt 

 to learn wisdom, like many of the sages of Greece. 

 He was king of Rhodes, and was succeeded on the 

 throne by his daughter Cieobulina. Several of his 

 sayings are extant. 



CLEOMBROTUS ; son of Pausanias, king of 

 Sparta. During his reign began the Theban war, in 

 which he commanded the Spartans against Epami- 

 nondas and Pelopidas. He was killed in the battle of 

 Leuctra, which happened July 8, 371 B. C., accord- 

 ing to the Julian calendar. See Epaminondas. 



CLEOMENES ; the name of three kings of Sparta, 

 the most distinguished of whom is Cleomenes III., 

 son of Leonidas. He intended to reform Sparta, and 

 to restore the institutions of Lycurgus, after the ex- 

 ample of Agis, his brother, who had lost his life in a 

 similar attempt. Cleomenes distinguished himself in 

 a war against the Achaeans, commanded by Aratus. 

 Returning to Sparta with a part of the army, he put 

 to death the ephori, made a new division of lands, 

 and introduced again the old Spartan system of edu- 

 cation, made his brother his colleague, and provided 

 that in future two kings should always sit on the 

 throne of Sparta. He lived very simply, was just and 

 friendly towards every body. He treated his enemies 

 with generosity ; for instance, the Achaeans, who had 

 begun a new war and were conquered. He showed 

 himself an able general, in a war against the Mace- 

 donians and Achaeans united, but, at last, lost the im- 

 portant battle of Sellasia. Cleomenes fled to Egypt, 

 where he was supported by Ptolemy Euergetes, but 

 his son Ptolemy Philopator kept Cleomenes in con- 

 finement ; upon which he and twelve fellow prisoners 



