26U 



CLEON CLEVELAND. 



killed each other. With Cleoinenes expired the race 

 of the Heraclidx which had sat on the throne of 

 Sparta. 



CLEON. See Pericles. 



CLEOPATRA. Amongst several Egyptian prin- 

 cesses of this name, the most renowned was the eldest 

 daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, wife to his eldest son 

 Ptolemy, with whom she shared the throne of Egypt. 

 Both were minors at the death of their father, and 

 were placed under the guardianship of Pothinus and 

 Achilles, who deprived Cleopatra of her share in the 

 government. She went to Syria, and was forming 

 plans for obtaining her rights by force, when Caesar 

 (q. v.) came to Alexandria, and, captivated with her 

 youthful charms, seconded her claims; and though 

 the people of Alexandria were excited to a revolt by 

 the arts of her brother, Caesar succeeded in pacifying 

 them, and procured Cleopatra her share of the throne. 

 But Pothinus stirred up a second revolt, upon which 

 the Alexandrian war commenced, in which the elder 

 Ptolemy losing his life, Caesar proclaimed Cleopatra 

 queen of Egypt ; but she was compelled to take her 

 brother, the younger Ptolemy, who was only eleven 

 years old, as her husband and colleague on the throne. 

 Caesar continued some time at Cleopatra's court, and 

 had a son by her named Caesarion. After Ca>sar's de- 

 parture, she governed undisturbed. She subsequent- 

 ly made a journey to Rome, where Caesar received 

 her magnificently, and erected a statue to her, next 

 to the statue of Venus, in the temple consecrated to 

 that deity. This act, however, excited the displea- 

 sure of the people, and Cleopatra soon returned to her 

 own dominions. When her brother, at the age of 

 fourteen, demanded his share in the government, 

 Cleopatra poisoned him, and remained sole possessor 

 of the regal power. During the civil war in Rome, 

 she took the part of the triumvirs, and, after the battle 

 of Philippi, she sailed to join Antony at Tarsus. She 

 was then twenty-five years old, and combined with 

 extraordinary beauty great wit and the highest ele- 

 gance of manners. She appeared in a magnificently 

 decorated ship, under a golden canopy, arrayed as 

 Venus, surrounded by beautiful boys and girls, who 

 represented Cupids and Graces. Her meeting with 

 Antony was attended by the most splendid festivals. 

 After having accompanied him to Tyre, she returned 

 to Egypt. Antony followed her, and gave himself 

 up to the most extravagant pleasures. She accom- 

 panied him on his marcn against the Parthians, and, 

 when he parted from her on the Euphrates, he be- 

 stowed Cyrene, Cyprus, Coelosyria, Phoenicia, Cilicia, 

 and Crete on her, to which lie added part of Judea 

 and Arabia, at her request. After this, Antony con- 

 quered Armenia, returned triumphantly to Egypt, and 

 made his three sons by Cleopatra, and also Caesarion, 

 kings. Now commenced the war between Octavius 

 and Antony ; but, instead of acting promptly against 

 his adversary, Antony lost a whole year in festivals 

 and amusements with Cleopatra at Ephesus, Samos, 

 and A thens, and at last determined to decide the con- 

 test by a naval battle. At Actium (q. v.) the fleets 

 met. Cleopatra, who had brought Antony a rein- 

 forcement of sixty vessels, suddenly took to flight, 

 and thus caused the defeat of her party ; for Antony, 

 as if under the influence of frenzy, immediately fol- 

 lowed her. They fled to Egypt, and declared to 

 Octavius that if Egypt were left to Cleopatra's child- 

 ren, they would thenceforth live in retirement. But 

 Octavius demanded Antony's death, and advanced 

 towards Alexandria, which Antony hastened to de- 

 lend. Cleopatra determined to burn herself with all 

 her treasures, but Octavius pacified her by private 

 messages. These communications, however, did not 

 remain concealed from Antony, who, supposing Cleo- 

 t>utra teacherous, hastened to her, to avenge him- 



self by her death. She, however, escaped, and took 

 refuge in the monument destined for her sepulchre, 

 wlu'ch .she had erected near the temple of Isis, and 

 caused the report of her suicide to be circulated. 

 Antony now threw himself upon his sword, but !- 

 fore he expired was informed that Cleopatra was still 

 living, upon which he caused himself to be carried 

 into her presence, and breathed his last in her arms. 

 Octavius succeeded in getting Cleopatra into his 

 power, who still hoped to subdue him by her charms ; 

 but her arts were unavailing, and, becoming aware 

 that her life was spared omy that she might grace 

 the conqueror's triumph, she determined to escqu- 

 this ignominy by a voluntary death. She ordered a 

 splendid feast to be prepared, desired her attendants 

 to leave her, and put an asp, which a faithful servant 

 had brought her, concealed amongst flowers, on her 

 arm, the bite of which caused her death almost im- 

 mediately (B. C. 30). Octavius, in his triumphal 

 procession, had a portrait of the queen, with a serpent 

 on her arm, carried before him. Her body was inter- 

 red near that of Antony. At the time of her death, 

 she was thirty-nine years old, and had reigned twenty- 

 two years. 



CLEPSYDRA (Greek, xXs^u'Sja from xii-rru, I 

 steal, and i$j, water) was the name of an instrument 

 intended to measure time, by the felling of drops of 

 water, and not unlike our hour-glasses. The length 

 of time which it measured was not uniform (Plin. Ep, 

 ii. 11.) They were an important instrument in the 

 Greek and Roman courts. To prevent the lawyers 

 from speaking too long, a particular period was as- 

 signed to them, to be determined by the clepsydra, 

 and, in Greece, an t^u?<u was appointed to watch the 

 instrument and to prevent fraud. If the laws, quot- 

 ed by the advocate, were read, the clepsydra was 

 stopped (aguam. sustinere). Sometimes advocates 

 petitioned for more time ; hence the expression, dare 

 or petere plures clepsydras, or clepsydras clepsydris 

 addere. Pompey, in his third consulate, introduced 

 these instruments into the Roman courts. They 

 were also used for domestic purposes. The horologiu 

 ex aqua was of a more artificial construction. 



CLERGY (from the Latin clcrus, derived from the 

 Greek xXaf , the share or heritage) signifies the body 

 of ecclesiastical persons, in contradistinction to the 

 laymen. The Greek word was applied in this sense, 

 in order to indicate that this class was to be consider- 

 ed as the particular inheritance and property of God 

 a metaphor taken from the Old Testament. The 

 clerus was divided, in the ancient church, into the 

 high and low. To the former belonged the bishops, 

 presbyters, and deacons ; to the latter, all other ec- 

 clesiastical persons. The support of the clergy in 

 different countries constitutes an interesting suoject 

 in political economy, and has been investigated in a 

 work entitled, Remarks on the Consumption of the Pub- 

 lic Wealth by the Clergy of every Ration; London, 

 1822, 2ded. (See Church and Ecclesiastical Estab- 

 lishments.) When a Catholic priest receives the 

 tonsure, he repeats a part of the 16th psalm, " The 

 Lord is the portion of mine inheritance," &c. The 

 Catholic clergyman, according to the doctrine of the 

 Romish church, is endowed, in his spiritual character, 

 with a supernatural power, which distinguishes him 

 essentially from the layman, as the power to forgive 

 sins, and to consecrate the bread, so as to convert it 

 into the real body of Christ, &c. 



CLERGY, BENEFIT OF. See Benefit of Cler- 

 gy. 



CLERK, JOHN, of Eldin ; the alleged inventor of 

 the modem British system of naval tactics. See the 

 article Naval Tactics. 



CLEVELAND ; a posUown of Ohio, and capital 

 of Cuyahoga county, on lake Erie, at the mouth of 



