CLEVES CLIMATE. 



Hie Cuyahoga, at the point where the Ohio canal 

 reaches lake Erie, sixty miles E. of Sandusky, 180 

 W. S. W, of Buffalo, 160 N. E. of Columbus; Ion. 

 81 46' W. ; lat. 41 31' N. It is a flourishing town, 

 important from its situation at the termination of the 

 Ohio canal, and from its connexion with the steam- 

 boat navigation from Buffalo, and is one of the most 

 considerable commercial places on lake Erie. 



CLEVES, formerly the capital of the dukedom of 

 Cleves, now the chief place of the Prussian circle of 

 the same name (1080 square miles, with 210,000 in- 

 habitants), is situated in a pleasant plain, a league 

 from the Rhine, with which it is connected by a 

 canal. The city contains 1000 houses, with 6000 in- 

 habitants. It has many manufactures, particularly 

 of wool, cotton and silk. The iron sarcophagus of a 

 prince Maurice, of Nassau-Siegen, buried here, is 

 surrounded by Roman urns, inscriptions, lamps, &c., 

 which are found in the neighbourhood. Prussia ac- 

 quired Cleves as early as 1609; and, after it had 

 changed masters several times, it came again into 

 the possession of this government. It is now a 

 Strong fortress, lying on the small river Kermisdal, 

 over against the Netherlands. The German dialect 

 spoken here much resembles the Dutch. 



CLIENTS, in ancient Rome, were citizens of the 

 lower ranks, who chose a patron from the higher 

 classes, whose duty it was to assist them in legal 

 cases, to take a paternal care of them, and to pro- 

 vide for their security. The clients, on the other 

 hand, were obliged to portion the daughters of the 

 patron, if he had not sufficient fortune ; to ransom 

 him, if taken prisoner, and to vote for him, if he was 

 candidate for an office. Clients and patrons were 

 under mutual obligation not to accuse each other, 

 not to bear witness against each other, and, in gene- 

 ral, not to do one another any injury. Romulus, who 

 had established this relation, in order to unite more 

 firmly the patricians and plebeians, made a law that 

 he who had omitted his duty as client or patron 

 might be slain by any body. During a period of 600 

 years, no instance was known of a disagreement be- 

 tween the clients and patrons. This relation continu- 

 ed till the time of the emperors. It is certainly 

 among the most interesting and curious which history 

 mentions, and must be considered as one of the first 

 jittempts at a regular government ; as the transition 

 from a patriarclial state, in which family relations are 

 predominant, to a well-developed political system, se- 

 curing the rights and independence of the individual. 

 In modern times, the word client is used for a party 

 to a lawsuit, who has put his cause into the hands of 

 u lawyer. 



CLIFFORD, GEORGE, the third earl of Cumberland 

 of that family, eminent both for his literary and mili- 

 tary abilities, was born in Westmoreland, in 1 558. He 

 studied at Peterhouse in Cambridge. His attention, 

 nt this period, was principally directed to mathematics 

 and navigation, in both which he became a great pro- 

 ficient. In 1586, he took part in the trial of queen 

 Mary Stuart ; and, in the course of the same year, 

 sailed to the coast of South America, having under 

 his command a small squadron, which sensibly annoy- 

 ed the Portuguese trade in that part of the world. 

 Two years afterwards, he commanded a ship in the 

 ever-memoiable action with the" invincible armada," 

 and subsequently fitted out, at his own expense, no 

 fewer than nine expeditions to the Western Islands 

 and the Spanish main, hi one of which he succeeded 

 in capturing a valuable Plate ship. His skill in mar- 

 tial exercises and knightly accomplishments on 

 shore was no less distinguished than his naval tactics ; 

 and queen Elizabeth, with whom he was in great 

 favour, not only appointed him her champion in the 

 court tournaments but employed him in the more 



serious task of reducing the headstrong Essex to obe- 

 dience. He was made a knight of the garter in 1 59 1 . 

 He died Oct. 30, 1605, in London. 



CLIFFORD, ANNE, a spirited English lady, the 

 only daughter of the above, was born in 1589. Her 

 first husband was Richard, lord Buckhurst, by whom 

 she had three sons, who died young, and two daugh- 

 ters. Her second husband was the eccentric Philip, 

 earl of Pembroke, by whom she had no issue. She 

 wrote memoirs of her first husband, and memorials of 

 herself and progenitors, all of which remain in manu- 

 script. In the course of her life, she built two hospi- 

 tals, and erected or repaired seven churches. She also 

 erected monuments to the poets Spenser and Daniels, 

 the latter of whom was her tutor. She is, however, 

 more celebrated for a high-spirited reply to Sir Joseph 

 Williamson, secretary of state, after the restoration, 

 who had presumed to nominate a candidate for her 

 borough of Appleby : " I have been bullied," she 

 writes, " by a usurper ; I have been neglected by a 

 court ; but I will not be dictated to by a subject : 

 your man sha'n't stand." 



CLIFFS, or CLEVES; certain indicial characters 

 placed at the beginning of the several staves in a 

 composition, to determine the local names of the 

 notes, and the sounds in the great scale which they 

 are intended to represent. The three cliffs now in 

 use, viz., the F, or base cliff, the C, or tenor cliff, and 

 the G, or treble cliff, by the several situations given 

 them on the stave, furnish us with the means ot ex- 

 pressing all the notes within the usual compass of 

 execution, both in vocal and instrumental music, 

 without a confused addition of leger lines, either 

 above or beneath the stave. 



CLIMACTERIC (annus climactericus) ; a critical 

 year or period in a man's age, wherein, according to 

 astrologers, there is some notable alteration to hap- 

 pen in the body, and a person is exposed to great 

 danger of death. The word comes from x>.iftaxrn^, 

 derived from xX/^ag, a ladder or stairs. The first 

 climacteric is, according to some, the seventh year. 

 The others are multiples of the first, as, 14, 21, &c. 

 63 and 84 are called the grand climacterics, and the 

 dangers attending these periods are supposed to be 

 great. Some held, according to this doctrine, every 

 seventh year a climacteric ; others allowed this title 

 only to the product of the multiplication of the cli- 

 macterical space by an odd number, as 3, 5, 7, 9. 

 Others considered every ninth year as a climacteric. 

 The idea of climacterics is very ancient. 



CLIMATE. The ancients denoted by this name 

 the spaces between the imaginary circles, parallel to 

 the equator, drawn in such a manner over the sur- 

 face of the earth, that the longest day in each circle 

 is half an hour longer than in the preceding. Ac- 

 cording to this division, there were twenty-four 

 climates from the equator, where the longest day is 

 twelve hours, to the polar circle, where it is twenty - 

 four hours. From the polar circle, the longest day 

 increases so rapidly, that, only one degree nearer 

 the pole, it is a month long. The frigid zones, so 

 called, that is, the regions extending from the 

 northern and southern polar circles to the corres- 

 ponding poles, some geographers have divided 

 again into six climates. We have learned from a 

 more accurate acquaintance with different countries, 

 that heat or cold depends not merely on geographi- 

 cal latitude, but that local causes also produce great 

 variations from the general rule, by which a region 

 lying near the equator should always be wanner 

 than one remote from it. By the word climate, 

 therefore, we understand the character of the wea- 

 ther peculiar to every country, as respects heat and 

 cold, humidity and dryness, fertility, and the altera- 

 tion of the seasons. The nature of a climate is dif- 



