376 



CLOISTER CLOTH ING . 



The rods E F, G II are of brass, niul fastened in a 

 similar way to the lower bar B D, and to E G the 

 second bar from the top. The two next rods are 

 of steel, and fastened to the cross bars I K and EG. 

 The next two are fastened to the cross bar L M 

 mid I K, and are of brass. The central rod to 

 vhich (lie bob is attached is made of steel, and 

 fastened to the cross piece LM, and passes freely 

 through the cross pieces B I), IK. The effect of 

 the steel rods is to lengthen the pendulum, on expul- 

 sion by heat, or to shorten it on contraction by cold ; 

 while this is compensated by the contra expansion 

 and contraction of the rods of brass in the following 

 manner: When, by increase of temperature, the 

 two outer steel rods expand, the cross bar B D, to- 

 gether with the rods attached to it, will descend, and 

 thus the pendulum will be lengthened ; but the two 

 next brass rods fastened in B D will also expand and 

 raise the cross piece E G, whereby the next two rods 

 of steel, will likewise be raised. These two last men- 

 tioned rods will also expand, and therefore the 

 cross piece I K will be lowered. To this cross piece 

 the two next rods of brass are fastened, and they will 

 likewise expand and raise the cross piece L M, which 

 elevation will compensate for the depression of the 

 bob, by the expansion of the centre rod. This 

 description of pendulum answers the purpose of 

 keeping correct time exceedingly well, and is ac- 

 cordingly employed in chronometers for navigators, 

 and the clocks of observatories. The last form of 

 the compensation pendulum which we shall notice 

 is that of Crosthwaite. A and B are two rods made 

 of steel similar to each other in every respect, the rod 

 B being supported by a bracket D . nd the top formed 

 into a gibbet at C. The rod B is firmly fixed into a 

 large piece of marble. F set into a wall so adjusted that 

 the rod may be moved up or down between the brass 

 staples 1,2, 3, 4, which touch only in a point in 

 front and behind. The rod A carries at its lower 

 extremity the bob G, twenty-four pounds' weight, the 

 upper end being suspended by a spring at the gibbet 

 C. All this apparatus is unconnected with the 

 clock, to the back of the plate of which at K two 

 cheeks are secured in a line with the verge L. The 

 maintaining power is applied in the usual way of re- 

 gulators at M, by means of a cylindrical stud, and 

 here the compensation, if so it can be called, takes 

 place. For while the rod B expands, A must raise 

 the upper end C, the lower end being immovable, 

 but its expansion will be accompanied with a similar 

 expansion of the rod A, which will lower the bob. 

 It is to be observed that the top of the rod A, is at- 

 tached to the gibbet by means of two slender chains 

 which pass through between two brass plates, whose 

 lower edges will form the centre of suspension of the 

 pendulum. This pendulum, though much more 

 simple, is not so invariable as a well constructed pen- 

 dulum of the gridiron construction. See Reid on Clock 

 and Watch Work, a volume published at Edinburgh. 



CLOISTER. See Monastery. 



CLOOTS, JOHN BAPTIST VON ; a Prussian baron, 

 during the revolutionary scenes in France, under the 

 appellation of Anacharsis Cloots. He was born at 

 Cleves, hi 1755, and became possessed of a consider- 

 able fortune, which he partly dissipated through 

 misconduct. The example of his uncle, Cornelius 

 Pauw, who published several popular works, inspir- 

 ed him with an inclination to become an author. He 

 travelled in different parts of Europe, and formed an 

 acquaintance with many eminent individuals, among 

 whom was the celebrated Edmund Burke ; but the 

 politics of that statesman did not suit the irregular 

 end ardent.disposition of Cloots, to whom the French 

 revolution at length opened a career which he 

 thought worthy ofhis ambition. The first scene in 



which lie distinguished himself was the ridiculous 

 masquerade called the embassy of the human race, 

 partly contrived by the duke d'e Liancourt. On the 

 19th of June, 1790, Cloots presented himself at the 

 bar of the national assembly, followed by a consi- 

 derable number of the porters of the French metro- 

 polis, in foreign dresses, to represent the deputies of 

 all nations. He described himself as the orator oi 

 the human race, and demanded the right of confede- 

 ration, which was granted him. At the bar of the 

 assembly, April 21, 1792, he made a strange speech, 

 in which he recommended a declaration of war 

 against the king of Hungary and Bohemia, proposed 

 that the assembly should form itself into a diet dur- 

 ing a year, and finished by offering a patriotic gift of 

 12,000 livres. On the 12th of August, he went to 

 congratulate the legislative assembly on die oc- 

 currences of the preceding 10th, and offered to raise 

 a Prussian legion, to be called the I'andal legion. 

 The 27th of the same month, he advised the assem- 

 bly to set a price on the heads of the king of Prussia 

 and the duke of Brunswick, praised the action of 

 John J. Ankarstroem, the assassin of the king of 

 Sweden, and, among other absurd expressions, he 

 said, " My heart is French, and my soul is sans- 

 culotte." He displayed no less hatred to Christiani- 

 ty than to royalty, declaring himself the " personal 

 enemy of Jesus Christ." In September, 1792, he 

 was nominated deputy from the department of the 

 Oise to the national convention, in which he voted 

 for the death of Louis XVI. "in the name of the 

 human race." This madman, becoming an object of 

 suspicion to Robespierre and his party, was arrested, 

 and condemned to death, March 24, 1794. He suf- 

 fered with several others, and, on his way to the 

 guillotine, he discoursed to his companions on mate- 

 rialism and the contempt of death. On the scaffold, 

 he begged the executioner to decapitate him the 

 last, that he might have an opportunity for making 

 some observations essential to the establishment of 

 certain principles while the heads of the others were 

 falling. 



CLOS, CHODERLOS DE LA (his entire name was 

 Pierre Ambroise Francois Ch. dela Clos), well known 

 for his extraordinary and dangerous novel, Lea 

 Liaisons Dangereuses, born at Amiens, in 1741, was 

 an officer in the army, afterwards secretary and con- 

 fidant of the duke of Orleans, whom he assisted in lu's 

 plans during the revolution. In 1791, he entered the 

 Jacobin club, and edited the journal Ami de la Con 

 stitution. He died, during the consular government, 

 at Tarentum, in 1803, in the rank of general of 

 brigade in the artillery in the army of Naples. 



CLOSE-HAULED (au plus pres, in French), in 

 navigation ; the general arrangement or trim of a 

 ihip's sails, when she endeavours to make progress, 

 in the nearest direction possible, towards that point 

 of the compass from which the wind blows. 



CLOSE-QUARTERS ; certain strong barriers of 

 wood, stretching across a merchant-ship in several 

 places. They are used as a place of retreat when a 

 ship is boarded by her adversary, and are therefore 

 fitted with several small loopholes, through which to 

 fire the small arms. They are likewise furnished 

 with several small caissons, called powder-chests, 

 which are fixed upon the deck, and filled with powder, 

 old nails, &c., and may be fired at any time. Instan- 

 :es are known in which close-quarters have proved 

 tiighly effective. 



CLOTH. See Cotton, Woollen, Silk, &c. 

 CLOTHING. A very striking fact, exhibited by 

 the bills of mortality, is the very large proportion of 

 persons who die of consumption. It is not our in- 

 tention to enter into any general remarks upon the 

 nature of that fatal disease. In very many cases, the 



