298 



CODJIUS COFFEE. 



be considered as a part of it, either for the purpose 

 of explaining or altering, or of adding to or subtract- 

 ing from the testator's former disposition. A codicil 

 may be annexed to a will, either actually or construc- 

 tively. It may not only be written on the same pa- 

 per, or affixed to or folded up with the will, but may 

 be written on a different paper, and deposited in a 

 different place. If intended to effect a devise of 

 lands, it must go through the forms required by the 

 statute of frauds ; but, to a will of personal estate, 

 it may be either written or nuncupative, pro- 

 vided, in the latter case, it only supplies an omission 

 in the will. 



CODRUS, son of Melanthus, was the seventeenth 

 i and last King of Athens. During his reign, Attica 

 was attackedljy theDorians, or, according to some, by 

 the inhabitants of the Peloponnesus, or the Thracians. 

 The assailants, on inquiring of an oracle what would 

 be the result of their incursion, received for answer 

 Uiat they would be successful if they avoided killing 

 the Athenian king. Codrus, becoming acquainted 

 with tin's answer, resolved to sacri6ce himself for 

 his country. He disguised himself in a peasant's 

 dress, entered the enemy's camp, provoked a quarrel 

 with the soldiers, and was slain. The Athenians, 

 upon hearing of this, sent a herald to demand the body 

 of their king. The courage of the assailants was so 

 damped, when they became acquainted with the cir- 

 cumstances, that they retired without striking a blow. 

 In honour of their patriotic monarch, the Athenians 

 now abolished the royal dignity, esteeming no one 

 worthy to be the successor of Codrus. They also 

 used his name as a common term to express a man 

 of distinguished excellence. 



COEFFICIENTS, hi algebra; figures put before 

 the letters, to indicate how many times the letter is 

 to be added to itself. Thus 4 a signifies a+a+a+a. 

 If the coefficient is indefinite, it is expressed by a 

 letter, as b a. 



COEHORN, MENNO, baron of; an engineer; 

 born, 1641, near Lewarden, in Friesland. His fa- 

 ther, a distinguished officer, early instilled into him 

 an inclination for military science, which he studied 

 thoroughly. In his sixteenth year, he entered the 

 service as captain. He distinguished himself at the 

 siege of Maestricht (1673), and at the battles of Senef, 

 Cassel, St Denis, and Fleurus, and soon rose to the 

 rank of a colonel. In 1(375, not having received the 

 command of a regiment, which had been promised 

 him, he negotiated with Louvois for entering into the 

 French service. The prince of Orange, however, 

 detained his wife and eight children as hostages, and 

 thus obliged him to return, and secured his attach- 

 ment by acts of favour. In the war of 1689, against 

 France, he again distinguished himself. His defence of 

 fort William, in 1692, which he himself had planned, 

 against the attacks of Vauban, attracted much atten- 

 tion. Both commanders displayed all their talents. 

 Coehorn was finally wounded, and had but 150 men 

 left able to do duty, when he surrendered the fort, 

 June 23, 1692. In 1702, he destroyed the French lines 

 near St Donat. In the same year, he published at 

 Lewarden his new theory of fortification. In 1703, 

 he directed several sieges. In 1704, Marlborough 

 invited him to the Hague, to concert a plan of ope- 

 rations, where he died, March 17, 1704. Coehorn 

 was a man of good principles, and honourable feel- 

 ings and habits. He fortified almost all the strong 

 places in Holland. Bergen-op-Zoom he considered 

 his masterwork. His system, and that of Vauban, 

 are entirely different. Vauhan operated by manoeu- 

 vres, and, by the skilful direction of his ordnance 

 and his men, saved both, and wearied and divided 

 the forces 'of the enemy ; Coehorn crushed by an 

 overpowering mass of artillery and of men, and sa- 



crificed botli for a rapid and powerful effect. Vau- 

 ban's manoeuvres were founded on calculations which 

 are always in one's power ; Coehorn founded his on 

 superiority of force, which is not always at the dis- 

 posal of the combatant. His system, however, is 

 well deserving the study of the military engineer. 



CCELIUS, MONS (now Monte Celio); one of the 

 seven hills of Rome, so called from an Ktruscan 

 leader, Celes l-'ibenna, who dwelt there. It gave its 

 name to a part of Rome, called Ccelimontium, or 

 Coelimontana, the valley between the Mons Coelius 

 and Mons Esquilinus. The Palatine was on the 

 west, the Esquiline on the north of the Mons Coelius. 

 There were five temples on this hill. At present, 

 the church of the SS. Quattro Coronati stands on the 

 top of the hill. See Rome. 



CCENOBITE. See Anchorite. 



COFFEE is the seed of an evergreen shrub, which 

 is cultivated in hot climates, and is chiefly imported 

 from Arabia and the East and West Indies. This 

 shrub (coffea Aralica) is from 15 to 20 feet in height. 

 The leaves are four or five inches long, and two 

 broad, smooth, green, glossy on the upper surface ; 

 and the flowers, which grow in bunches at the base 

 of the leaves, are white and sweet-scented. The 

 berries and fruit are somewhat of an oval shape, 

 about the size- of a cherry, and of a dark red colour 

 when ripe. Each of these contains two cells, and 

 each cell a single seed, which is the coffee as we see 

 it before it undergoes the process of roasting. 



Coffee is an article of but recent introduction. To 

 the Greeks and Romans it was wholly unknown. It 

 was first introduced into England by a Turkey mer- 

 chant, named Edwards, in 1652, and his Greek ser- 

 vant, named Pasqua, first opened a coffee-house in 

 London. The first invention of coffee is ascribed to 

 the Persians, who communicated its use and virtues 

 in the 15th century to a mufti or Mohammedan priest, 

 at Aden, on the Red sea, who having found that its 

 use cleared the intellect, was exhilarating, and gent- 

 ly opened the bowels, and at the same time prevented 

 drowsiness, recommended first its use to his dervises, 

 with whom he passed the night in prayer. From 

 Aden it was communicated to Mecca, where first the 

 pilgrims, or Hadgis, and then the rest of the people, 

 adopted it ; and from Arabia it passed over to Grand 

 Cairo in Egypt, where, in 1511, its use was prohibit- 

 ed, from a belief that it was intoxicating and inclined 

 to things forbidden by the Alcoran. But the sultan 

 Causon having removed the prohibition, the use of 

 coffee passed along the coast of Syria to Constan- 

 tinople. Here the dervises attempted to raise a cla- 

 mour against it, by quoting from the Alcoran that 

 coal is not of the number of things created by God 

 for food. Accordingly, the mufti ordered all the cof- 

 fee-houses to be shut up, but his successor declaring 

 that coffee was not coal, they were again opened. 

 During the war in Candia the coffee-drinkers and 

 news-mongers having made too free with politics, the 

 grand vizier Cuproli suppressed the coffee-houses in 

 Constantinople. However at the present day the 

 Turks indulge immoderately in the use of coffee. 

 There is a sort of coffee used in Turkey not known 

 in this country, which they call the Sultan's coffee, 

 from being used in the seraglio, and being much less 

 heating, while it at the same time gently relaxes the 

 bowels. This coffee is made from the external drupes 

 or fleshy pods, which is found not to bear a sea voy- 

 age, and is never imported into Europe. The berries 

 alone are known in England, where the liquor, on its 

 first introduction, was called the sirup of Indian mul- 

 berries. 



The berries, as is well known, are roasted over a 

 charcoal fire, in a revolving iron cylinder, previous 

 to being used ; they are then ground in a mill. But 



