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COLLEGE. 



nier, Gallet, and Pannard, writers of Anacreontic 

 songs and vaudevillet, instilled into liim the same in- 

 clination for pleasure, the same gay philosophy. 

 I >r.unatic poetry he loved from his earliest youth. 

 ome of his pieces are still found in the Repertoire du 

 Theatre Francis. He paints freely, nay, boldly, 

 the manners of his time. He diet! in 1783. In 

 1807 appeared his posthumous work, Journal His- 

 toriqite, giving an account of interesting events in the 

 history of literature from 1748 to 1772, in three vols. 

 COLLEGE (Latin, collegium) ; in its primary 

 sense, a collection or assembly. In a general sense, 

 a collection or society of men invested with certain 

 powers and rights, performing certain duties, or en- 

 gaged in some common employment or pursuit. 

 Among the Romans, three were required to make a 

 college (tres faciunt collegium). In a particular 

 sense, college signifies an assembly for a political or 

 ecclesiastical purpose. There were several such at 

 Rome, e. g., collegium pontificum, augurum, septem- 

 virorttm, &c. In modern times we have the college 

 of electors, or their deputies, at the diet of Ratisbon ; 

 so, also, the college of princes or their deputies, the 

 college of cities or deputies of the imperial cities, the 

 college of cardinals, or sacred college. In Russia, 

 this denomination is given to councils of state, courts 

 or assemblies intrusted with the administration of the 

 government, and called imperial colleges. In Great 

 Britain and America, a society of physicians is called 

 a college. So, also, there are colleges of surgeons, 

 a college of philosophy, a college of heralds, &c. 

 Colleges of these kinds are usually incorporated or 

 established by the supreme power of the state. 

 This name is also given to a society of persons en- 

 gaged in the pursuits of literature, including the 

 officers and students. The English literary colleges 

 are academical establishments, endowed with reve- 

 nues, whose fellows, students, and tutors live to- 

 gether under a head, in particular buildings, in a 

 monastic way. The buildings form quadrangles 

 connected with gardens and grounds. The more 

 ancient establishments, formerly monasteries, derive 

 their origin from the 13th and 14th centuries. The 

 college of Christ-church, Oxford, was founded in 

 the time of Henry VIII., by cardinal Wolsey. The 

 colleges are distinguished for their old Gotlu'c archi- 

 tecture, and for collections in different branches of 

 science and of art. They are also admired for their 

 fine paintings on glass. The president of such a 

 college (master, warden, rector) forms, with the 

 other members of the government, the teachers and 

 students, a corporation independent of the other 

 colleges, as well as of the university. Graduates, 

 maintained by the endowment of particular founders, 

 are called fellows (in Latin, socii). There are other 

 classes also supported in part by the funds of the 

 colleges, and called post-masters and scholars, ex- 

 hibitioners or stipendiaries and servitors (young men 

 who wait on the others at table, and have board and 

 instruction gratis during four years). Many colleges 

 have also chaplains, choristers, clerks, or sextons, 

 and a great number of servants. The president and 

 the officers administer the college according to the 

 statutes of the foundation. The visitor, who is a 

 bishop or lord, named by the founder, decides in 

 contested cases. The under-graduates are subjected 

 to a severe discipline. They are obliged to go 

 every day to the chapel, and are not allowed to sleep 

 out of the college. Whoever wishes for a degree, 

 .nust be presented to the university, as a candidate, 

 by a dean. The fellows at the universities keep 

 their fellowships for life, unless they marry or in- 

 herit estates which afford a greater revenue. They 

 are successively promoted, so that their income 

 amounts to from 30 to jl50, and more, annually. 



From them the parishes are supplied, in which case 

 they commonly lose their fellowships. Oxford has 

 nineteen colleges, and six halls, or mere boarding- 

 places, which have no funds, and consequently 110 

 fellows, where every student lives at his own ex- 

 pense. (The dining-rooms of the colleges are also 

 called halls.) In Cambridge, there are twelve 

 colleges and four halls, which are all provided with 

 funds. Most of the colleges in Oxford and Cam- 

 bridge have, besides their dependent members, that 

 is, those who are supported from the college funds, 

 independent ones, who live at their own expense, 

 but are subjected to most of the college laws : they 

 are called, according to their rank and the sum they 

 pay for board, noblemen, fellow-commoners and com- 

 moners. The school at Eton has also a college, 

 consisting of a provost, seven fellows and seventy 

 boys, who are called collegert. The fellows of 

 Eton have a right to marry, and to hold a living be- 

 sides their fellowship. They are also considered as 

 dignitaries of the church. They and the provost are 

 the directors of the whole, manage the property of 

 the college, fill the livings and fellowships connected 

 with the institution, and choose the teachers. Of 

 the collegers in Eton, the best scholar in the highest 

 class is admitted into the first vacant place of king's 

 college at Cambridge as a scholar, and then be- 

 comes, in three years, a fellow, i. e., is provided for 

 during life. (See Ackermann's History of the Col- 

 leges of Winchester, Eton, Westminster, &c., London, 

 1817, and his History of Westminster Abbey, and of 

 the colleges of Oxford and Cambridge, with copper- 

 plates.) Classical literature is the chief object of 

 instruction, hence the general knowledge which, in 

 England, men of the highest rank and of the great- 

 est wealth possess of Grecian and Roman literature, 

 exhibited in the frequent quotations from the classics, 

 in parliament, which, in any other country, would 

 appear somewhat pedantic. The lectures on scien- 

 tific subjects are meager, compared with those of the 

 continental universities, and afford scarcely the ne- 

 cessary hints for private study. The colleges are 

 less institutions for education than learned republics 

 with an orderly gradation of classes, of which one 

 influences the other, and which are intimately con- 

 nected with the spirit of the nation. (See Universities.) 

 The English universities exercise no small influence 

 upon the ecclesiastical and political establishments 

 of that country, and have certainly contributed much 

 to the national disposition for adhering steadily, am 

 sometimes obstinately, to ancient establishments, 

 customs, and views. The old universities, therefore, 

 have been thought, by a large number of enlightened 

 and liberal men, not to answer the demands of the age. 

 To meet these demands, they have established the 

 London university (q. v.). This again, on the same 

 principle by which the Protestant reformation led to 

 many salutary reforms among the Catholics, induced 

 another party (the churchmen) to establish in the 

 English metropolis the king's college (q. v.). 



In Scotland, there are two colleges at St An- 

 drews (the united College andSt Mary's or New Col- 

 lege), one at Glasgow (founded in 1450), two at 

 Aberdeen (King's College, founded in 1497, and 

 Marischal College, founded in 1593), and one at 

 Edinburgh (founded in 1581). These are all dis- 

 tinct universities, with the exception of the two at 

 St Andrews, which are reckoned one university. The 

 Scottish universities differ in many respects from 

 those of England. In the English universities, the 

 students are instructed by tutors who give them les- 

 sons in private ; in the Scottish, tuition is given 

 by lectures delivered by the professors in public, ac- 

 companied by examinations of the students. In the 

 English, the meetings are called terms, and recur 



