COLLEGE COLLEGIAL SYSTEM. 



313 



several times in the course of a year ; in the Scot- 

 tish, the time of meeting is called a session, and of 

 these each year has only one. There are other dif- 

 ferences in the peculiar modes of teaching too nu- 

 merous to be detailed in this place. 



In France, there are royal colleges in all large 

 towns, corresponding to what are called, in Ger- 

 many, gymnasia. In the small towns, the colleges 

 are called colleges communaux. These are private 

 establishments, aided by the commune, and subject 

 to the surveillance of the public authorities. In 

 Paris, there are five royal colleges college royal de 

 Louis le Grand, col. roy. de Henry IV., col. roy. de 

 St Louis, col. roy de Bourbon, col. roy. de Charle- 

 magne. Besides these, there is the college royal de 

 France, which deserves the name of a university. 

 It was instituted in 1529, by Francis I., at the soli- 

 citation of Budzeus. (q. v.) Louis XVIII. establish- 

 ed in this college a chair of Tartar-Mantchou 

 and Chinese languages, and one of the San- 

 scrit. Twenty-one professors, among whom there 

 are always some of the most distinguished men, lec- 

 ture in this college, publicly and gratuitously. 

 Their lectures embrace, besides the branches of 

 science generally taught in universities, the Turkish, 

 Persian, Arabic, Chaldaic, Syriac, Chinese, Sanscrit, 

 and Tartar-Mantchou languages. 



American Colleges. The course of instruction in 

 all the American colleges is completed in four years. 

 Certain qualifications are demanded of candidates for 

 admission, which vary, according to the regulations 

 of the different colleges. These embrace, for admis- 

 sion to the principal colleges, a good knowledge of 

 English grammar, arithmetic, some acquaintance 

 with geography, an ability to read the easier Latin 

 authors, and some progress in the study of Greek. 

 The rules of each college name the authors which 

 the candidate shall have read, and in these he is re- 

 quired to undergo a satisfactory examination, to en- 

 title him to admission. The greatest number of pu- 

 pils are admitted at about the age of fourteen years. 

 The course of instruction varies, in many respects, in 

 the different colleges, but in its principal features, it 

 is the same in all. This course embraces a further 

 study of the Latin and Greek languages, mathema- 

 tics, natural philosophy, rhetoric, and practice in Eng- 

 lish composition, moral and intellectual philosophy, 

 and some treatise of natural law and the law of na- 

 tions. In some colleges, provision is made for the 

 study of Hebrew and of several modern languages ; 

 but these are not among the required studies. Some 

 of the colleges have additional departments for in- 

 struction in medicine, theology, or law. Harvard 

 university embraces all three of these departments, 

 in which students are prepared for entering on these 

 several professions. The number of professors and 

 teachers in the several colleges varies according to 

 the number of pupils and the funds of the college. 

 In Harvard college, there are in the academical de- 

 partments eight professors and six tutors and other 

 teachers; in the theological school, two professors 

 in addition to the professors in the other depart- 

 ments, who assist in the instructions of this school ; 

 in the law school, two professors, and in the me- 

 dical school, four. In Yale college, there are five 

 professors and six tutors, besides the professors of 

 the theological and medical schools. In most of the 

 colleges, the officers of instruction are a president, 

 from two to four permanent professors, and from two 

 to four tutors the tutors being generally young men 

 who devote two or three years to this service before 

 entering on the practice of the professions to which 

 they are destined. From the following list, it will 

 be seen how many colleges in the United States were 

 founded during ten years. The cause of the increase 



of colleges in America is undoubtedly laudable, as it 

 is the same which prompts every man there to ac- 

 quire knowledge ; but it ought not to be forgotten, 

 that colleges differ entirely from common schools. 

 The latter may be multiplied, and there can hardly 

 be too many of them ; but for colleges, the only way 

 to make them truly great is to concentrate in a few, 

 great stores of talent and erudition. In the universi- 

 ties of Europe, donation lias been added to donation, 

 until many of them have attained great magnifi- 

 cence. 



Table containing the proper title of each College of the 

 United States ; the place where it is situated ; the time 

 when founded ; the number of Academic Instruct er s ; 

 the number of Graduates in 1828 , the number of Under- 

 Graduates in 1828-9 ; the number of Volumes in the Col. 

 lege Libraries, and in the social Libraries belonging to 

 the Students. 



For more particulars, see the places where the colleges are established. 



* The catalogue of the officers and students in the various departments of 

 Transylvania University, for the year 1830, exhibits a total of 362. Xat. 

 Gazette. 



COLLEGE OF CIVILIANS ; commonly called 

 Doctor's Commons, founded by doctor Harvey, dean 

 of the arches, for the professors of the civil law re- 

 siding in the city of London. The judges of the 

 arches, admiralty, and prerogative courts, with sever- 

 al other eminent civilians, commonly reside here. To 

 this college belong thirty-four proctors, who make 

 themselves parties for their clients, manage their 

 causes, give licenses for marriages, &c. In the 

 common nail of Doctor's Commons are held several 

 courts, under the jurisdiction of the civil law, parti- 

 cularly the high court of admiralty, the court of de- 

 legates, the arches court of Canterbury, and the pre- 

 rogative court of Canterbury, whose terms for sitting 

 are much like those at Westminster, every one of 

 these holding several court-days, most of them fixed 

 and known by preceding holydays, and the rest ap- 

 pointed at the judge's pleasure. 



COLLEGIAL SYSTEM, in ecclesiastical law (see 

 Church). In politics, it is opposed to bureaucracy 

 (see Bureau), and signifies that system of government 

 in which the members of each department of govern 



