COLQUHOUN COLUMBIA RIVER. 



333 



regarded from only one point of view ; conformably 

 to which the natural colour is modified according to 

 the supposed distance. By tints we understand, in 

 a more restricted sense, the gradations of the clear 

 and obscure, which lights and shadows produce on 

 the coloured surface. (See Chiaro scuro.) In no 

 object of art do these modifications and shades exist 

 in greater delicacy and diversity than in the naked 

 human body, which is, consequently, the most diffi- 

 cult subject for a painter. Colouring, in as far as it 

 is an imitation of the colour and character of flesh 

 (the naked body), is called carnation (q. v.). If, in 

 addition to the accurate coincidence of the natural 

 colours, local tones and tints of a painting, with its 

 original, the artist hits the expression of the peculiar 

 character of the substance of which the object con- 

 sists, the colouring is called true. But to truth 

 should be joined beauty, which is attained by the 

 harmonious union of all the tones of the painting into 

 one leading tone. The colouring must conform to and 

 promote the object of the painting, as a work of art, 

 and, by the harmony of the colours and lights, as 

 well as by the truth of the local colours, and of the 

 individual parts, of the subject, constitute one beau- 

 tiful whole. In the choice of lights and the distribu- 

 tion of colours, the artist should aim, not only at 

 clearness of representation, but, at the same time, at 

 the production of a pleasing harmony, which should 

 aid the general impression of the piece. Con- 

 sequently, keeping and chiaro scuro are compre- 

 hended in the idea of correct, beautiful colouring. 

 We often see pictures, in which the colours are true 

 to nature, but which have little merit as works of 

 art, because they are deficient in that harmonious 

 union of excellences which is essential to a beautiful 

 painting. 



COLQUHOUN, PATRICK a metropolitan magis- 

 trate, noted as a writer on statistics and criminal ju- 

 risprudence. He was born at Dumbarton, in Scot- 

 land, in 1745, and, early in life^ went to America to 

 engage in commerce. In 1766, he returned home, 

 and settled as a merchant at Glasgow, of which city 

 he became lord provost, and was likewise chairman 

 of the chamber of commerce. Having removed to 

 London, he was made a police magistrate, in 1792 ; 

 in which situation he distinguished himself by his ac- 

 tivity and application ; the result of which was, a 

 Treatise bn the Police of the Metropolis, published 

 in 1796. This work procured him the honorary de- 

 gree of LL.D. from the university of Glasgow. In 

 1800, he published a work on the police of the river 

 Thames, suggesting a plan, afterwards adopted, for 

 the protection of property on the river, and in the 

 adjacent parts of'the metropolis. He was also the 

 author of a Treatise on Indigence, exhibiting a gener- 

 al View of the National Resources for Productive La- 

 bour ; a Treatise on the Population, Wealth, Power, 

 and Resources of the British Empire ; and a tract on 

 the education of the labouring classes. Mr Col- 

 quhoun died April 25, 1820, aged 75, having resigned 

 his official situation about two years previous to his 

 decease. 



COLUMBA, ST. ; a native of Ireland, founder 

 of the monastery of Icolmkill. About 565, he visited 

 Scotland and was favourably received by the king 

 Bridius, who gave him the isle of Hy, where he estab- 

 lished his famous seminary. He died in 597, having 

 acquired great influence. 



COLUMBANUS, a missionary and reformer of 

 monastic life, born in 560, in Ireland, became a monk 

 in the Irish monastery of Benchor, went through 

 England to France, in 589, with twelve other monks, 

 co preach Christianity, and founded, in 590, the mon- 

 asteries of Annegray, Luxeuil and Fountaine, of 

 Burgundy. His rule, which was adopted in latter 



times by many monasteries hi France, commands 

 blind obedience, silence, fasting, prayers, and labour, 

 much more severe than the Benedictine rule, and 

 punishes the smallest offences of the monks with 

 stripes, the number of which proves the barbarism of 

 his times, and his savage character. He retained also 

 the old ecclesiastical customs of the Irish, among 

 which is the celebration of Easter at a different time 

 from the Romish church. Queen Brunehaut banish- 

 ed him on account of his inflexibility of character, 

 609 ; upon which he went among the heathen Ale- 

 manni, and preached Christianity in the vicinity of 

 Bregentz, on lake Constance. His companion Gal 

 (that is, Gallus, founder of the monastery St Gal) ob- 

 structed his success by his violence in destroying the 

 monuments of the heathens, till a war, in 612, put a 

 stop to his labours. Columbanus then went into Lom- 

 bardy, and founded the monastery of Bobbio, in 

 which he died, Oct. 22, 615. His intrepid, violent 

 and heroic spirit is displayed in his letters to the 

 popes Gregory I., and Boniface IV., in which he re- 

 fused to celebrate Easter with the Romish church, 

 warned the popes against heresies, and represented, 

 in a strong light, the corruption of the church. His 

 services in reforming the monastic discipline, and the 

 number of his miracles, caused him to be canonized. 

 His writings are few, and of the aseptic kind. His 

 rule was observed the longest in the large, rich mon- 

 astery of Luxeuil, and was supplanted first, in the 

 ninth century, by the Benedictine. The habit of his 

 monks was white. See Benedictines. 



COLUMBARIUM (Lat.), in ancient architecture, 

 a pigeon-house or dove-cote. Columbarium fictile ; 

 an earthen pot for birds to breed in. In the ceme- 

 teries of the ancient Romans, the apertures that were 

 formed in the wall for the reception of the cinerary 

 urns were also called columbarii, from their resem- 

 blance to the openings of a pigeon-house. 



COLUMBIA ; a town in South Carolina, and the 

 seat of the state government ; Ion. 81 7' W. ; lat. 

 33 57' N. ; population, in 1820, 3000. It is situated 

 opposite to the confluence of the Saluda and Broad 

 rivers, which unite here to form the Congaree. From 

 the river there is a gradual ascent for one mile ; then 

 commences a plain of between two and three miles 

 in extent, gradually descending on every side. This 

 elevated plain forms the site of the town, which pre- 

 sents a handsome and extensive prospect. The town 

 was formed in 1787. It is regularly laid out. The 

 streets intersect each other at right angles, and are 

 100 feet wide. The South Carolina college was 

 founded in this town in 1802, but degrees were not 

 conferred here until 1807. It is under the liberal pa 

 tronage of the state legislature, from which it has re 

 ceived annually a grant of between two and three 

 thousand pounds. It had, in 1824, a president, four 

 professors, two tutors, and 102 students. 



COLOMBIA COLLEGE. See New York. 



COLUMBIA, DISTRICT OF; a tract of country 

 ten miles square, on both sides of the Potomac, about 

 120 miles from its mouth, ceded to the United States, 

 by Virginia and Maryland, in 1790. It includes the 

 cities of Washington, Alexandria and Georgetown. 

 Population in 1810, 24,023 ; slaves, 5395 : population 

 in 1820, 32,039. The exports of this district, in 1827 r 

 amounted to about 20,000 ; the shipping, in 1819, 

 to 22,141 tons. This district is under the immediate 

 government of congress, and is remarkable chiefly 

 for containing the city of Washington, which became 

 the seat of the government of the United States, in 

 1800. The surface is uneven, but there are no high 

 hills, and the soil is thin and sandy. 



COLUMBIA RIVER ; a large river of North 

 America, which rises, according to Mackenzie, in the 

 Rocky mountains, about Ion. 121* W., lat. 54 23' 



