CONCHOLOGY. 



381 



lines the inside of the shell, and is reflected on the base of the 

 pillar : this also is termed the inner lip, pi. 19, f. 65 k. 



Outer lip, the expansion of the body of the shell or outer 

 edge of the aperture, pi. 19, f. 65 /. 



Spire, is the whole volutions of the shell but the lower one, 

 p. 19, f. 65 e, e, e. The remaining or lower one is the body, as 

 above noticed. 



Crowned or coronated spire, f. 66 6, b, b. 



Whorl, is one of the volutions, or turnings of the spire. 



Depressed tpire, is when the spire is partly flattened, or en- 

 tirely so, as exemplified in the shells of the genus plauorbis, 

 pi. 19, f. 72o. 



Involuted spire. Those univalve shells which have their volu- 

 tions concealed inside of the body ot the shell, as in the Nautili 

 and Cypraea, p. 19, f. 70. 



Reverted or Heterostrophe spire, is when the volutions of the 

 spire revolve in a contrary direction to that of a common 

 screw ; in which case the aperture is on the right side, in 

 place of tlie left, which is the case with all dextral shells, pi. 

 19, f. 71. 



Detached spire, is when the volutions are not adhering to- 

 gether at their base, pi. 19, f. 67. 



Suture of the spire a fine thread-like line, which runs spiral- 

 ly between the volutions, pi. 19, f.65 /,/,/,/,/. 

 . Sides, are the extreme edges of the shell, when the back or 

 front is held next the observer, d, d. 



Chambers, are the intervals, between the partitions or septa, 

 of multilocular shells, pi. 19, f. 68 bb, &c., and also occur in 

 simple univalves, f. 73. 



Siphuncle is the tube which extends through some of the 

 mulcilocular univalves, pi. 19, f. 68 a. 



Septa, are partitions which divide the chambers in multi- 

 locular shells, f. 68 c, c, &c. 



Varices, are transverse ribs which cross the volutions in 

 some species of Murex, Triton, Buccinum, Cassis, &c., f.69 aa. 



Ribt, longitudinal and transverse projections, f. 75 aa ; an 

 example of the former ; those in f. 74 illustrate the latter. 



Teeth, some projecting laminae in the aperture of univalves 

 aa represented in the aperture of pi. 19, f. 71. 



Umbilicus, a perforation in the base of the body, of Helices, 

 Trochi, &c., pi. 19, f. 76* a. 



PARTS OF BIVALVES. 



Equilateral Shells, are those whose sides are alike, that is, 

 both of a uniform size and shape, pi. 19, f. 85. 



Inequilateral Shells, have unequal sides, and of different 

 shapes, as in Donox Lutraria, c., pi. 19, f. 77. 



Summit, is the most elevated part of the shell, in which the 

 hinge is usually situated, pi. 19, f. 77 a. 



Bate, the opposite extremity of the above, pi. 19, f. 77 b. 



Anterior slope, is that side of the shell in which the ligament 

 is situated, pi. 19, f. 77 rf. 



Posterior slope. The opposite of the above, and may be dis- 

 tinguished by viewing the shell in front, when the beaks point 

 to the observer, pi. 19, f. 77 e. 



Disk, the most prominent part of a valve, if lying with its 

 inside undermost 



Cicatrix, the internal impression by which the animal was 

 affixed to the shell, pi. 19, f. 71gg.fSO ; d, f. SI c. 



Lunule, the crescent-shaped depressions, in the posterior and 

 anterior slopes, pi. 19, f. 77 h. 



Ligament perforation, the circular aperture through which 

 the ligament passes, as exemplified in the Anomiae, pi. 19, f. 

 82 a. 



Hinge, that part by which the shells are united- It is gener- 

 ally constructed of teeth ; those of the one valve fitting into a 

 socket in the opposite one. Some shells have no teeth, out are 

 merely kept together by the ligament, in which case they are 

 called inarticulate ; when they have many teeth, they are 

 called multiarticulate. The Hinge is that part which affords 

 the most prominent generic distinction in bivalves. 



Teeth of the hinge. 1 he number, relative situation, and con- 

 struction of these, afford the best specific distinctions in bi- 

 valves. A spatuliform central tooth is exhibited, pi. 19 f. 78. 



Primary teeth, are those situated in the centre of the hinge. 

 They are also termed the cardinal teeth, pi. 19, f. 77 '. 



Lateral teeth, are those divergent from the umbo ; are usual- 

 ly lone, flat, and frequently double, or divided by a groove, pi. 

 19, f. 80-a a. 



Double teeth. When teeth are very deeply cleft they are so 

 termed. 



Incurved teeth, are those which are bent round as in the 

 Spondylus Ga^deropus, Solen Silin.ua, &c., pi. 19, f. 79 c. 



Recurred teeth, such teeth as are bent backwards are so 

 termed, as in the hinge of the Panopea Aldrovandi, pL 19. f. 1 1 ; 

 f. 81-a a. 



Numerous teeth, are generally set in rows, either straight or 

 curved as in pi. 18, f. 37, 38, 39. 



Cavity of the hinge, is a pit or hollow in which the ligament 

 is inserted in the Ostrea, &c., as may be seen in pi. 18, f. 20. 



Ligament, is that cartilaginous substance by which the 

 valves are held together, and is situated under the hinge of 

 the shell, pi. 19. f. 77 A: f. 806. The cavity in which it is 

 inserted, f. 81 A ; f. 83^0. 



Beak, the extreme point or summit of bivalves, which, for 

 the most part, is turned aside, or downwards, so that it is sel- 

 dom the highest part of the bivalve. 



Umbo, that part situated immediately under the beak, pi. 19, 

 f. 84^a. 



Earn or Auricles, are those processes, situated on one nr both 

 tides of the beak, as in the scallops, pL 19, f. 1 c c. Superior 

 ear. 85 a. Inferior ear, b. 



Margin, the extreme edges of the entire ihell. 



Crenulated margin. When the margin is notched as in the 

 common edible cockle it is so termed, pi. 19, f. 80 c c. 



Striir, are fine thread-like lines, which traverse the exterior 

 surface of shells, as exemplified, pi. 18, f. 62, 63. 



Spines, are exterior acutely pointed, protrusions composed 

 of shelly matter, pL 19, f. 81 d d. 



Right valve, may be distinguished by the anterior slope, 

 pointing to the right hand, when the valve is viewed with the 

 inside uppermost, pi. 18, f. 46 the under valve, in many spe- 

 cies, is flattened, as in the ostrea. 



Left valve, the opposite of the above, or where the anterior 

 slope points to the left hand, pi. 18, f. 46. 



Length ofthesheUia always understood to be from that 

 part in which the ligament is situated to the opposite extremity. 

 Bivalve shells are called longitudinal, when their greatest 

 length is from the hinge to the opposite margin, pi. 19, 

 f. 80 and 85, from a to b; and transverse, when their 

 breadth exceeds their length, f. 77, from c to c, and fig. 79, 

 from a to a. 



Byssus, or beard. An accessory filamentary appendage of a 

 silky texture, by which some bivalve shells are affixed to 

 rocks, stones, &c. as may be instanced in the common muscle. 



Sides the right and left parts of the valves ; pi. 19, f. 77 

 c, c. 



Ribs are longitudinal or transverse protuberances, generally 

 rnnning parallel to each other on the external surface of bi- 

 valves. Longitudinal ribs, pi. 19, f. 83 a. Transverse ribs, 

 f. 84. 



Accessory valre are small, unattached valves in the genus 

 Pholas, pi. 19, f. 86 a. 



Valves of Chitons are placed transversely along the back of 

 the animal, usually eight in number, pi. 19, f. 90 a, a, &c. 

 Fig. 91, a central valve ; 92, a terminating valve. 



Margin in Chitons, is a fleshy border which surrounds the 

 valves, pi. 19, f. 906. 



PARTS OF CIRRIPEDES. MULTIVALYES. 



Operculum consists of from two to four small valves, placed 

 the opening at top of the Balani, pi. 19, f. 8S a ; f. 89. 

 Base the part by which the shells of the genus Balanus, 



&c. are attached to rocks, pi. 19, f. 87 c; f. 886. 



Ligament & membranous substance, by which the valves 

 are attached, pi. 19, f. 87 d. 



Ridges are convexities in the Balani, &c., sometimes lon- 

 gitudinal and at others transverse. 



Peduncle, or pedicle a sort of stem, or hollow membrana. 

 ceous tube, on which the Auatifaa are seated, pL 19, f. 87 b. 



Feelers, or tentacula are those arms by which the animals 

 of the Balani and Anatifae secure their food, pL 19, f. 87 a. 



CONCLAVE (a room)', the place where the car- 

 dinals assemble for the election of the pope ; also the 

 electoral assembly of the cardinals themselves. Pope 

 Gregory X., whose election had been delayed for 

 three years, established, in the council at Lyons 

 (121 4), the regulations of the conclave. It was set- 

 tled, that if the pope should die in a city where he 

 had resided with his court, the cardinals present 

 should not be obliged to wait longer than ten days 

 for their absent brethren. After the lapse of ten 

 days, all the cardinals present should assemble in 

 the palace in which the pope had died. Here they 

 were all to be shut up in one room (conclave), with- 

 out partitions or curtains, which, with the exception 

 of one outlet, was to be closed on all sides, so that 

 no one should speak with them, nor be admitted in- 

 to their presence, except those who were called, with 

 the consent of all the brethren, for the purpose of 

 assisting, in some way, in the election. No one was 

 to be permitted either to send in a messenger, or to 

 write to the cardinals ; but a window was to be left 

 open in the room, through which the necessary food 

 could be handed to them. If, in three days after 

 entering the conclave, they had not chosen a pope, 

 they were, on the five following days, to receive but 

 one dish at noon and in the evening ; and, after this 

 nothing but bread, wine, and water, till the election 

 should take place. These regulations of Gregory 

 X. have been observed in their essential provisions in 

 recent times, though not always in every particular. 

 As most of the popes have died in Rome, the con- 

 clave has usually been held in the Vatican, in the 

 galleries of which, as many cells are built in a row 

 as there are cardinals to be present. There the 

 cardinals repair, two by two, the day after the funer- 

 al of the pope, or on the tenth day after his death, 

 after having heard a mass, which is called Missa 

 Spiritus sancti, and remain till the election is finished 

 The conclave which chose pope Pius VII. was held 



