CONCORD CONCORDATS. 



383 



and is formed by the addition of another third (major 

 or minor) to the chord of the seventh, which, conse- 

 quently, makes the ninth from the fundamental tone, 

 and is termed the chord of the ninth. But if, from 

 the adverse concurrence of the seconds, we omit the 

 fundamental tone, as is usual in close harmony, and 

 transpose the notes as above, we obtain thus the 

 proper modifications of the quadrichord ; for ex- 

 ample, the enharmonic chord of C, E flat, G flat, A ; 

 C sharp, E, G, B. These concords, then, are cap- 

 able of being presented in the most diversified forms, 

 in immediate collision, or broken, so that the tones 

 constituting them are heard in succession. Further, 

 the intervals may be confined to one octave, or dis- 

 tributed through distant and different octaves. This 

 forms the groundwork and the distinction between 

 close and dispersed harmony, according to the close 

 or dispersed position of the chords. Further, the ap- 

 "lication of the intervals composing the chords is 

 governed by the variety of positions, inasmuch as the 

 music may be adapted for two, three, four, five voices 

 or parts. In the former, some intervals must be 

 omitted ; in the latter, doubled. One of the first sys- 

 tems of chords was offered by Rameau, grounded on 

 the ideas of D'Alembert, and afterwards elucidated 

 in Marpurg's system, which much resembled Vog- 

 ler's. It nas been more recently elucidated by 

 Turk. Another is by Tartini, which is given in 

 Rousseau's Dictionaire de la Musique. The one de- 

 duces and explains the chords from fundamental keys 

 (of the base), the other from melody (the upper tones). 

 Another very simple system of chords is that of Kirn- 

 berger, which is much followed by Godfr. Weber, in 

 his treatise on thorough-base. From music, the idea 

 of harmony is transferred to colours, and we may 

 speak of the harmony of colours, as opposed to the 

 harsh and dazzling contrast of them, which is avoid- 

 ed by a judicious middle tone of colouring. 



CONCORD ; a post-town of the United States, in 

 New Hampshire, and the seat of the state government ; 

 53 miles N. N. W. Boston ; Ion. 71 29' W. ; lat. 43 J 

 12' N. : population, in 1810, 2391 ; in 1820, 2838. It is 

 pleasantly situated, extending along the western bank 

 of the river Merrimack nearly two miles in length. 



CONCORD, FORM OF (formula concordiee) ; one 

 of the most important doctrinal books of the Protest- 

 ant church, composed at the command of Augustus, 

 elector of Saxony, by several distinguished theolo- 

 gians. Augustus had long suspected the existence 

 of secret adherents to the doctrine of Calvin ; and, 

 being confirmed in this suspicion by investigation, he 

 thought a book of concord, that is, of union, which 

 should definitively settle the form of doctrine to be 

 received, would be the best means for terminating the 

 religious troubles. Twelve divines were invited to 

 Lichtenburg, who, in the assembly afterwards con- 

 voked at Torgau, examined and settled the principal 

 points, and finished the work in Kloster-Bergen, in 

 1 577 ; after which followed the solemn signing by 

 the several electors, princes, counts, states of the 

 empire, and the printed publication of the work in 

 1580. It is said that this affair cost the elector about 

 12,000. See Symbolical Books. 



CONCORD, GODDESS OF. See Concordia. 



CONCORDANCE; a book containing the princi- 

 pal words in the Holy Scriptures, in alphabetical or- 

 der, with a designation of the places in which they are 

 to be found. They are concordances of subjects and 

 of words ; and, for both kinds, either the Greek or 

 Hebrew text, or a universally received translation, 

 may serve as a basis. Works of this kind are useful 

 for the exegetical theologian, because the comparison 

 of parallel passages is one of the most important 

 auxiliaries of exegesis ; and not less so for the preach- 

 er, because tney enable him to examine, at once, all 



the passages of scripture which treat of the same sub- 

 ject. The first work of this kind was published by 

 Hugo Sancto Caro, who used the universally-received 

 Latin translation of the Bible, called the Vulgate. 

 Some of the most approved concordances in English 

 are those of Cruden, Butterworth, Brown, and Tay- 

 lor. The name concordance might be given, without 

 impropriety, to similar indices of other works, as the 

 writings of Homer and Shakspeare. In fact, it is so 

 applied in G ermany . The index of Samuel Ay scough 

 to Shakspeare is a concordance. 



CONCORDATE; a convention between the 

 bishop of Rome, as head of the church, and any 

 secular government, for the settling of ecclesiastical 

 relations. Treaties which the pope, as a secular 

 sovereign, concludes with other princes respecting 

 political concerns, are not called concordates. One 

 of the most important of the earlier concordates is 

 that of Worms, called, also, the Calixtine Concordate, 

 made in 1122, between pope Calixtus II. and the 

 emperor Henry V., in order to put an end to the 

 long contest on the subject of investiture, and which 

 has since been considered a fundamental ordinance 

 in respect to the relations between the Catholic 

 church and the government in Germany. Most of 

 the concordates have been extorted from the popes 

 by the different nations or governments. This was 

 done as early as the 15th century; for, when the 

 council of Constance urged a reformation of the papal 

 court, Martin V. saw himself obliged, hi 1418, to 

 conclude concordates with the Germans, and soon 

 afterwards, also, with other nations. The popes, 

 however, succeeded, even in the 15th and 16th cen- 

 turies, in concluding concordates for their advantage. 

 This was the case with the concordates of Aschaffen- 

 burg. That, also, which was made by Leo X. and 

 Francis I. of France (1516), was chiefly to the advan- 

 tage of the pope. In later times, in particular, to- 

 wards the end of the 18th century, the papal court 

 could not any longer maintain a struggle with the 

 spirit of the times and with the secular powers, and 

 was obliged to resign many privileges by concordates. 

 Bonaparte, when first consul of the French republic, 

 concluded a concordate with pope Pius VII., July 

 15, 1801, which went into operation in April, 1802. 

 It re-established the Catholic church in France, and 

 has become the basis of the present ecclesiastical 

 constitution of that country. The government ob- 

 tained by it the right to appoint the clergy ; the 

 public treasury gained by the diminution of the large 

 number of metropolitan and episcopal sees to sixty ; 

 the pope was obliged to give up the plan of restoring 

 the spiritual orders, and the influence which he exer- 

 cised by means of delegates, but retained the right 

 of the canonical investitureofbishopsand the revenues 

 connected with this right. The interests of religion 

 suffered by this compact, inasmuch as most of the 

 dioceses became now too large to be properly admi- 

 nistered ; and the lower clergy, the very soul of the 

 church, who were in a poor condition before, were 

 made entirely dependent on the government. 



Louis XVIII. concluded at Rome, with Pius VII. 

 (July 11, 1817), a new concordate, by which that of 

 1516, so injurious to the liberties of the Gallican 

 church, was again revived ; the concordate of 1801 

 and the articles organioues of 1802 were abolished ; 

 the nation subjected to an enormous tax by the de- 

 mand of endowments for forty-two new metropolitan 

 and episcopal sees, with their chapters and seminaries ; 

 and free scope afforded to the intolerance of the Roman 

 court by the indefinite language of article ten, which 

 speaks of measures against the prevailing obstacles to 

 religion and the laws of the church. This revival of 

 old abuses, this provision for the luxury of numerous 

 clerical dignitaries at the expense of the nation, could 



