384 



CONCORDATS CONCUBINAGE. 



please only the ultra-royalist nobility, who saw in it 

 means for providing their sons with benefices. The 

 nation received the concordate with nhnost universal 

 disapprobation ; voices of the greatest weight were 

 nlnd against it (Gregoire, Essai /linturii/m' sttr les 

 Libertcs de T Eglise Gallicane, Paris, 1818 ; Lanjuinais, 

 Appreciation du Projet deLoi rel. aux trois Concordats, 

 5ui ed., Paris, 1818 ; De Pradt, Les quatre Concordats, 

 Paris, 1818, 3 vols.); and the new ministers saw 

 themselves obliged to withdraw their proposition. 



The pope was more fortunate in the concordate 

 made with Naples (Feb. 16, 1818), at Terracina, 

 in which stipulations were made for the exclusive 

 establishment of Catholicism in this kingdom ; for the 

 independence of the theological seminaries on the 

 secular power ; the free disposal of benefices to the 

 value of 12,000 ducats, in Naples, in favour of Ro- 

 man subjects ; the reversion of the revenues of va- 

 cant places to the church ; unlimited liberty of appeal 

 to the papal chair ; the abolition of the royal permis- 

 sion, formerly necessary for the pastoral letters of 

 the bishops ; the right of censorship over books ; 

 besides many other highly important privileges. 

 The king obtained the right to appoint bishops, to 

 tax the clergy, to reduce the number of die episcopal 

 sees and monasteries, which existed before Murat's 

 reign. The quiet possession of the estates of the 

 church, which had been alienated, was also secured 

 to the proprietors. 



In tlie concordate concluded with Bavaria, July 5, 

 1817, two archbishoprics were established for the 

 2,400,000 Catholics in Bavaria. These were Munich 

 (with the bishoprics of Augsburg, Passau, and Ratis- 

 bon) and Bamburg (with the bishoprics of Wurzburg, 

 Eichstadt and Spire). Seminaries, moreover, were 

 instituted and provided with lands ; the nominations 

 were left to the king, with the reservation of the pa- 

 pal right of confirmation ; the limits of the civil and 

 ecclesiastical jurisdiction were precisely settled, and 

 the erection of new monasteries was promised. This 

 ooncordate was published in May, 1818, together with 

 the new political constitution, by which all appre- 

 hensions for the Protestant church in Bavaria were 

 allayed. (Respecting the concordate between Prus- 

 sia and the pope, see German Church and Prussia.) 

 The other German princes have formed a plan for a 

 common concordate with the pope. 



On the whole, the contest which has been carried 

 on for more than 800 years between the secular 

 power and the church is as little settled as it was in 

 the times of Gregory VII. and the emperor Henry 

 IV., and the concordates are to be considered only as 

 temporary agreements, which are followed as long as 

 either party is obliged or thinks it best to observe 

 them. In feet, it is vain to think of putting an end 

 to the dispute, while secular governments maintain 

 that it rests with them to appoint the officers and 

 instructors of the people, and the pope maintains 

 that the authority of the church is prior in time and 

 superior in degree to any other. The light in which 

 the Roman court views the cessions made in concor- 

 dates appears from a letter of pope Innocent I., in 

 1416: Ergo quod pro remedio necessitas reperit,ces- 

 sante necessitate debet utique cessare, ouia alius est 

 ordo legitimus, alia usurpatio, quam ad prasens tan- 

 turn fieri tempus impellit. The governments, on the 

 contrary, add reservations to the concordates, as in the 

 case of the articles which the French government 

 prefixed to the concordate of 1801, before it was pro- 

 mulgated. Against the appeal to a divine institu- 

 tion, on which the pope founds his authority, the 

 sovereigns maintain the following claims: 1. The 

 sovereign of the state is, at the same time, the secu- 

 lar head of the church, and all the power of the 

 church to make regulations and appoint clerical 



functionaries has been given by him, and remains 

 under his superintendency ; 2. the temporal posses- 

 sions of the church are properly subject to the state, 

 which has a right to prevent them from becoming 

 excessive ; 3. the secular government can prohibit 

 such acts of worship as are opposed to the interest 

 and peace of the state, and interfere with the rights 

 of other religious societies ; 4. the state has the right 

 of protecting new sects; 5. the civil rights of sub- 

 jects (even with regard to the validity and CODM-- 

 quences of marriage) are to be exclusively regulated 

 by the laws of the state. It is easily understood that 

 no such contest between church and state can take 

 place where the church does not claim any political 

 authority, and the sovereign does not consider reli- 

 gion as an instrument for state purposes. 



CONCORDIA ; or concord, personified and wor- 

 shipped as a goddess in Rome, where she had seve- 

 ral temples, the most important of which was that in 

 the capital, erected by Camillus. An annual feast 

 was celebrated, in her honour, the 16th of January. 

 She was represented with wreaths of flowers on her 

 head, and in one hand two cornucopia, in the other, 

 a bundle of rods or a pomegranate. Symbolically, 

 Concordia was represented by two hands clasped 

 together, or by the caduceus. See Grecian Mythology. 



CONCRETE ; a technical word in logic. If we 

 conceive of certain qualities as existing in an object, 

 we then regard them, according to philosophical 

 language, in concreto ; but if we think of them sepa- 

 rately trom the object, we then regard them in ab- 

 stracto : for example, a just man is a concrete con- 

 ception, but justice is an abstract idea. See Philo- 

 sophy. 



CONCRETIONS, MORBID, in animal economy; 

 hard substances that occasionally make their appear- 

 ance in different parts of the body, as well in the 

 solids as in those cavities destined to contain fluids ; 

 in the former case, they are denominated concretions 

 or ossifications ; in the latter, calculi. The concre- 

 tions that make their appearance in the solids of the 

 animal body are denominated pineal concretions, from 

 their being found in that part of the brain called the 

 pineal gland ; or salivary concretions, as being dis- 

 covered, occasionally, in the salivary glands ; or pan- 

 creatic concretions, which are hard substances found 

 in the pancreas ; or pulmonary concretions, which 

 have been sometimes coughed up by consumptive 

 persons ; or hepatic concretions, of which the liver is 

 sometimes fulL Concretions have also been found 

 in the prostate. These have all been examined by 

 chemists, and found to consist of phosphate of lime 

 and other substances. Concretions have been dis- 

 covered in the intestines and stomach of man, but 

 more frequently in the bodies of other animals. 

 Those found in the intestines of a horse were examin- 

 ed by Fourcroy, and found to consist of magnesia, 

 phosphoric acid, ammonia, water, and animal matter. 

 See Calculi. 



CONCUBINAGE; the cohabitation of a man 

 with a concubine. Among the Greeks, concubinage 

 was allowed even to married men : the number of 

 their concubines, also, was unlimited. Among the 

 Romans, concubinage was neither unlawful nor dis- 

 graceful. It was, moreover, formally permitted to 

 unmarried men, by the Lex Julia, and by the Lex 

 Papia Poppesa, but with the provision, that it should 

 be limited to a single concubine, and that only wo- 

 men of mean descent, as freed women, actresses, and 

 the like, should be chosen for the purpose. The 

 children begotten in concubinage were not consider- 

 ed as legitimate, but were called natural, and the 

 rijjht of inheritance of the concubine and her children 

 was very much limited. With the introduction of 

 Christianity, concubinage ceased ; and, indeed, Con- 



