CONDAMINE CONDE. 



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staiitine the Great made laws against it. The Code 

 Napoleon did not expressly forbid concubinage, but 

 the lawful wife could sue for a divorce (since the re- 

 storation of the Bourbons, only for separation), in 

 case of the introduction of a concubine by her hus- 

 band into their common residence. The Prussian 

 code does not allow concubinage, as some authors 

 have asserted, but it establishes two kinds of mar- 

 riages, one of which does not confer the rank, &c., 

 of the husband on the wife, nor give the children the 

 same rights as those enjoyed by the children born in 

 the other kind of marriage. This form of marriage 

 seems to have been allowed by the code chiefly for 

 the benefit of poor officers of government, whose 

 rank far exceeds their salary ; but, though it stands in 

 the code, it never has received from the king the 

 authority of law. The ruling family, however, 

 sometimes contract such marriages. The present 

 king is married to the princess of Lignitz in this 

 form. There is no want of legality in the connex- 

 ion ; it is merely to prevent the wife from becoming 

 a queen, and her children royal princes. 



CONDAMINE, CHARLES MARIE LA, a naturalist, 

 was born at Paris in 1701, and died at the same place 

 in 1774. With an ardent spirit and a powerful frame, 

 the young Condamine, who had entered the military 

 profession, gave himself up to pleasure ; but he soon 

 renounced the military career, and devoted himself 

 to the sciences. He entered the academy as adjoint 

 chimiste. His desire of knowledge induced him to 

 apply himself to several sciences, without advancing 

 very deeply in any particular one. After he had 

 visited the coasts of Asia and Africa on the Medi- 

 terranean, he was, in 1736, chosen, with Godin and 

 Bouguer, to determine the figure of the earth, by a 

 measurement to be made in Peru. (See Earth.) He 

 there made the discovery, that mountains attract 

 heavy bodies, and give them a direction different from 

 that which they would take according to the simple 

 law of gravity a truth which was afterward con- 

 firmed by Maskelyne and Cavendish. Having 

 finished his labours in America, and escaped a thou- 

 sand dangers, he returned to his native land, after an 

 absence of eight years, and soon after went to Rome, 

 where Benedict XIV. gave him a dispensation to 

 marry one of his nieces. Of his curiosity the follow- 

 ing anecdote is related. At the execution of Damiens, 

 he mingled with the executioners, in order to let no 

 circumstance of this horrible manner of death pass un- 

 observed. They were about to send him back, but the 

 chief executioner, who knew Condamine, prevented 

 them with these words : " Laissez, messieurs, c'est 

 tin amateur.' 1 His principal works are his account 

 of his travels, his work on the figure of the earth, 

 ami that on the measurement of three degrees of the 

 meridian in the equatorial regions. Besides these he 

 published treatises on inoculation for the small-pox. 



CONDE ; a fortress of France, in the department 

 tin Nord, nine leagues and a half S. E. of Lisle. In- 

 habitants, 6,080. It is, according to the French 

 military terminology, a place de guerre de premiere 

 classe. During the Revolution, it was called Kord- 

 Libre. Its port is much frequented. 



CONDE, Louis de Bourbon, prince of (the great 

 Conde) ; born in 1621 ; a general of distinguished 

 talents, great advantages of person, and very attrac- 

 tive manners. During the life of iiis father, he bore 

 the title of duke d'Enghien. He immortalized this 

 name at the battle of Rocroi, in which, at the age of 

 22, he defeated the Spaniards (1643). After he had 

 arranged every thing for the battle, on the evening 

 previous, he fell into so sound a sleep, that it was 

 necessary to awake him when the time for engaging 

 tame on. Wherever he appeared he was victorious. 

 He was so fortunate as to repair the consequences 



of a defeat of marshal Turenne. He besieged Dun- 

 kirk in sight of the Spanish army, and gained tliis 

 place for France, in 1646. He was equally fortunate 

 in putting a stop to the civil war which M azarin had 

 occasioned, who was afterwards obliged to seek the 

 support of Conde. Jealous of the glory of the 

 prince, and fearing his pride, Mazarin, in 1650, 

 caused his deliverer to be brought captive to Vin- 

 cennes, and did not restore him his freedom until 

 after the expiration of a year. The offended Conde 

 now entered into negotiations with Spain, and fought 

 against his native country with such success, that he 

 advanced almost to the gates of Paris. He obtained 

 possession of the neighbouring places, while 

 Turenne was approaching the capital in order to 

 cover it. Both generals fought with great valour, 

 very near the suburb St Antoine, and added to their 

 former reputation (July 2, 1652). A short tune 

 after peace was concluded, in which, however, Conde 

 did not concur, but went to the Netherlands. The 

 peace of the Pyrenees in 1 659, at last restored this 

 great general to France. After Turenne 's death, in 

 1675, he commanded, for a long time, the French 

 army in Germany. The gout at last compelled him 

 to retire to his beautiful estate at Chantilly, neat 

 Paris, where he devoted himself to the sciences. 

 Here he was visited by Corneille, Bossuet, Racine, 

 Boileau, Bourdaloue, who enjoyed his conversation 

 as much as he did theirs. He died in 1687 at Fon- 

 tainebleau. In the church of St Louis, at Paris, a 

 monument was erected to him. 



CONDE, Louis JOSEPH DE BOCRBON, prince of; 

 bom at Chantilly, in 1736 ; only son of the duke of 

 Bourbon and the princess of Hesse-Rheinfels. By 

 the death of both his parents he came, in his fifth 

 year, under the guardianship of count Charolais, his 

 uncle. The prince was educated with great strict- 

 ness, and made some progress in the sciences. In 

 1753, he married the princess of Rohan-Soubise, who 

 in 1756, bore him the prince Bourbon-Conde. In 

 the seven years' war, he distinguished himself by his 

 courage and skill, and, in 1762, gained a victory, at 

 Johannisberg, over the hereditary prince of Bruns- 

 wick. True to the old constitution, he opposed 

 Louis XV., on account of the introduction of a newly 

 formed parliament, and was, on this account, banish- 

 ed, but soon recalled. His leisure he devoted to 

 study, in friendly intimacy with the most learned 

 men of his time, and to the embellishment of Chan- 

 tilly, where Paul I. visited him. He was wounded 

 in a duel with count Agoult. In the revolution, he 

 emigrated, in 1789, to Brussels, and from thence to 

 Turin : he afterwards formed in 1792, at Worms, a 

 little corps of emigrant nobility, 6806 men strong, 

 which joined the Austrian army under Wurmser. 

 After an interview with Gustavus III., of Sweden, 

 at Aix-la Chapelle, in 1791, on the subject of mea- 

 sures to be undertaken, he was summoned at Worms, 

 by a deputy of the national assembly, and by the 

 king himself, to return to France within fourteen 

 days, under penalty of the loss of his estates. With 

 the other princes, he returned an answer of refusal, 

 from Coblentz. On the breaking out of the war, his 

 corps distinguished itself; but the Austrian plan 

 of operations did not agree with the views of the emi- 

 grants ; therefore the connexion of prince Conde 

 with Pichegru had no results. In 1795, he entered 

 with his corps into the English service. In 1796, he 

 fought in Suabia. In 1797, he entered the Russian 

 service, and marched with his corps to Russia, where 

 he was most hospitably received into the residence 

 of Paul I. ; and returned, in 1799, to the Rhine, 

 under Suwaroff. In 1800, after the separation of 

 Russia from the coalition, he re-entertd the English 

 service. The campaign of 1800 ended the military 

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