338 



CONDE CONDILLAC. 



curoer of the prince. He lived in England till L813. 

 in whirl) year his second wife, the princess ot', Mona- 

 co, died, lie returned to Paris, May 14, 1814, 

 received the 10th regiment of the line, and the office 

 nf colonel-general of infantry, as also that of grand 

 niaitre de Prance, and the protectorate of the order 

 lit' Si Louis, lie attended the celebrated royal 

 ronncil, March 17, 1815, fled with the king to r.heiit. 

 and returned \vitli him to Paris in July, where, being 

 it (<;>ointed president of a bureau of the chamber of 

 peers, lie reiinincd some time, but at last retired to 

 ( haiililly, where he had formerly written the inter- 

 esting Kssaisur la I'ie dn Grand Conde,par L. J. de 

 Bourbon, son line Descendant, of which two editions 

 have appeared since 1806. 1 1 e died at Paris in 18 18. 

 His grandson ws the duke d'Enghien. 



CONDK, Louis HENRY JOSEPH, duke of Bourbon, 

 son of tlie preceding, born April 13, 175(5, was 

 educated to the profession of arms. He had hardly 

 passed the age of childhood, when he was inspired 

 with the most violent passion for Louisa Maria 

 Theresa of Orleans. It was resolved that he should 

 travel two years, and then receive the hand of the 

 lady ; but the impatience of the prince would not 

 admit of tins delay. He carried off' his mistress 

 from the convent where she resided, married her, 

 and, in 1772, she bore him the prince d'Enghien. 

 Conde's impetuosity occasioned a duel between him 

 and the count d'Artois, in 1778. This was followed 

 by his banishment to Chantilly. He likewise quar- 

 relled with his wife, and, in 1780, separated himself 

 from her ; she died in 1822. In 1782, he was pre- 

 sent, with the count d' Artois, at the siege of Gibral- 

 tar, distinguished himself there, and was appointed 

 marshal. The pride of his name, the ardour of his 

 cliaracter, and his Confidence in the power of the 

 king, caused him, in the beginning of the revolution, 

 to treat with contempt a people in a state of violent 

 fermentation. He continually advised the use of 

 force. In 178'J, he emigrated, with his father, to 

 Turin, joined the corps ot French emigrants, and, in 

 1792, 1793, and 1794, showed the ancient courage of 

 the Condes. In 1795, he embarked at Bremen for 

 Quiberon, in order to make a diversion in La Vendee, 

 but was obliged to return to England without suc- 

 cess. In 1797, he went with the corps to Russia, 

 and, in 1799, returned to the Rhine. After the dis- 

 solution of the Royal French army, he went to Eng- 

 land in 1800, where he lived till May 1814. May 15, 

 1814, he was appointed, at Paris, colonel-general of 

 the light-infantry, and on Napoleon's return from El- 

 ba, in 1815, received the chief command in the de- 

 partments of the west. But he was obliged by a 

 convention, to embark from Nantes. He sailed to 

 Spain, whence he returned, hi August, through Bor- 

 deaux and Nantes to Paris. He put an end to his own 

 life at his chateau of St Leu, Aug. 27, 1830. He 

 is supposed to have committed this act while labour- 

 ing under derangement produced by the revolution 

 which had just taken place, and had promised to re- 

 pair to Paris to take the oath to the new government, 

 on the morning when he was found dead hi his cliam- 

 ber, suspended by his own handkerchief. By his will, 

 written with his own hand, and dated Aug. 30, 1829, 

 his whole fortiuie passes to the duke d'Aumale, son 

 of Louis Philippe, king of the French, and to Mrs. 

 Dawes, baroness de Feuche"res, an English woman 

 with whom he lived. The legacies to this lady, in- 

 cluding several chateaux and seats were valued at 

 about fifteen millions of francs, the residue of his for- 

 tune being left to the duke d'Aumale. This will 

 was disputed by the princes of Rolian, on the ground 

 that the bareness de Feucheres had used improper in- 

 fluence over the prince; and it was contended by 

 Ihtir counsel that the prince had been murdered by 



persons interested. It was not till Feb. 22, 1832 

 that the judgment of the court was finally pronounc- 

 ed in favour of the duke d'Aunudu and madame 

 Feucheres. 



CONDENSATION. Besides the mechanic, 

 powers (see Condenser), there are also chemica^ 

 means for converting gaseous fluids into liquids liy 

 condensation ; for example steam into water, by 

 means of cold. Volta gives the name of cutnti'itxi r 

 electricity to an instrument invented by him lor collec- 

 ting and measuring electricity in cases in which it 

 is Feebly developed ; and an apparatus for the col- 

 lection of sensible caloric is called a condenser of 

 caloric. 



CONDENSER ; a pneumatic engine, or syringe, 

 whereby an uncommon quantity of air may be 

 crowded into a given space ; so that sometimes ten 

 atmospheres, or ten times as much air as there is at 

 the same time in the same space without the engine, 

 may be thrown in by means of it, and its egress 

 prevented by valves properly disposed. See Pneu- 

 matics. 



CONDILLAC, STEPHEN BONNOT DE, among the 

 French the founder of the sensual system, was horn 

 hi 1715, at Grenoble, and lived like his brother, the 

 abbe Mably, from his youth devoted to study. Flis 

 Essai sur I'Origine des Connaissances humaines 

 (1746, 2 vols.) first drew the attention of the world 

 to a thinker, who, with much acuteness of mind, 

 sought to explain, by the law of the association of 

 ideas, almost all the phenomena of the human mind. 

 Although Locke's discoveries in the department of 

 psychology, founded upon experience, might have 

 had an influence on this work, yet no one can deny 

 to Condillac the merit of having made more profound 

 inquiries on many points. He himself, hovever, 

 thought that he had not sufficiently explained the 

 first principles of the faculties of the human mind, 

 and therefore wrote the Traite des Systemes (1749, 2 

 vols.), in which he frequently referred to more accu- 

 rate observations. Any one would misunderstand 

 Condillac, who should believe that he disapproved 

 of all systems ; but instead of those maxims and the- 

 ories which Des Cartes, Spinoza, Malebranche, &c., 

 had laid down as the basis of their speculations, he 

 demanded observations of the simplest kind. His 

 Traite des Sensations (1754, 2 vols.) is interesting tor 

 the ingenious manner, in which he has explained the 

 consciousness of impressions on the senses. Mortified 

 by the supposition that he had followed the course of 

 ideas in Diderot's and Buffon's works, he wrote his 

 Traite des Animauj: (1775), in which he refuted Buf- 

 fon's opinions, by principles which he had advanced 

 in his Traite des Sensations. The sagacity and die 

 clearness which distinguish all Condillac's writings 

 obtained for him the distinction of being chosen in- 

 structor of the infant duke of Parma, nephew of Louis 

 XV. The intimate friendship which subsisted be- 

 tween him and his colleague, M. de Kerralio, made 

 this situation the more agreeable. To this cause we 

 are indebted for his acute work, the Cours d' Etudes 

 (1755, 13 vols.), in which with his peculiar talent of 

 explanation, he investigates the external signs of 

 ideas. Thus his Grammar necessarily became a uni- 

 versal one ; his Art of Writing, a course of instruc- 

 tion for giving the most suitable expression to trains 

 of thought. With the same view, he composed his 

 U Art de juger, and L'Art de pensei, which consti- 

 tute a part of the Cours d'Etudes. His history has 

 been less successful than his other works. Consider- 

 ed apart from the tameness of its execution, it might 

 be objected to it, that it represents occurrences in 

 subservience to pre-established theories. Condillac 

 returned , after the completion of the education of the 

 young prince, to Paris, where, in 1768, he wns ml- 



