ENGLAND. (ANTIQUITIES AND ARCHITECTURE.) 



23 



e!ghly-four tradesmen, a hundred husbandmen, 

 labourers, and servants, fifty-five women, and four 

 children ; fifty-four more were under prosecution, 

 seven of whom were whipt, and sixteen perished in 

 prison, the rest were delivered by the happy circum- 

 stance of Mary's death. In a book, corrected, if not 

 written, by Lord Burleigh, it is said, 400 persons suf- 

 fered publicly in this reign, besides those who were 

 secretly murdered in prison ; of these, twenty were 

 bishops and dignified clergymen, sixty were women, 

 (of whom some were pregnant, and one was delivered 

 of a child in the fire, which was burned,) and above 

 forty men and children. The death of Mary, and 

 accession of Elizabeth, revived the cause of Protestan- 

 tism, and established the church of England much in 

 the manner in which it at present exists. For an 

 account of the constitution of the church, see the 

 section Church in this article. Upon its various for- 

 tunes during the civil wars we cannot here enter. 



Antiquities and Architecture. These subjects may 

 be considered as forming branches of the civil and 

 ecclesiastical history of England, and we, therefore, 

 introduce a short notice of them in this place. The 

 independent Britons, as we have already said, lived 

 in a rude, and almost savage state of society, dwelling 

 in woods and caves, and their industry was directed 

 chiefly to the means of subsistence and defence, so 

 that except their sepulchral constructions, there are 

 no undisputed remains of their labour and skill 

 existing. The numerous earthen mounds or barrows 

 in Wiltshire, many of which were explored in the 

 beginning of the last century by Dr Stukeley, and 

 others more recently by Sir Richard C. Hoare, 

 clearly indicated their British origin, by the relics of 

 flint-headed weapons and personal ornaments which 

 they contained. To these may be added, as probable 

 British remains, some of the circular mounds, or 

 earthworks, in different parts of England, supposed 

 to have been camps ; and Pen-pits, on the confines of 

 Somersetshire, near Wincanton, as well as some 

 caves in the side of a hill near Luckington in North 

 Wiltshire, may have been habitations, or storehouses 

 of the ancient Britons. As for the Stone Circles, 

 Cromlechs, or altars, Cairns, Kistvaens, Logan, or 

 rocking stones, and Tolmen, or basin stones, found 

 in several parts of England, from Cumberland to 

 Cornwall, their origin is at best doubtful. The ruder 

 monuments of ttiis sort, composed of rough stones, 

 such as Rollrich, in Oxfordshire, and Abury in Wilts, 

 now nearly destroyed, may possibly have been erected 

 by the Britons, though for what purpose is utterly 

 uncertain : the opinion that they were Druidical tem- 

 ples and altars is inconsistent witii the testimony of 

 ancient writers, that the places consecrated to the 

 celebration of religious rites by the Druids were 

 woods and groves instead of open plains like those 

 in which these monuments are placed. The most 

 remarkable of the stone circles is Stouehenge, on 

 Salisbury Plain, which differs from Abury ana other 

 works of the kind in being formed of hewn stones, 

 artificially connected by tenon and mortise, and dis- 

 playing so much skill in the construction, that Inigo 

 Jones supposed it to be a Roman hypaethral temple, 

 dedicated to the god Coelus, an opinion far more 

 feasible than that of its having been constructed by 

 the Britons before the Roman invasion. The subjec- 

 tion of this country to the Romans is attested by 

 ruins and fragments of various kinds, from the simple 

 inscribed sepulchral tablet, or military stone, to the 

 splendid portico or elaborate tesselated pavement. It 

 should be observed, that the Romans held no pro- 

 perty in the soil of Britain ; their chief buildings, 

 therefore, were public structures, or residences for 

 civil or military officers ; and of both numerous relics 

 have been discovered. Among the former are the 



ruins of Richboroiigh Castle, Kent, a Roman gate- 

 way at Lincoln, and the columns and part of the 

 entablature of the front of a temple of the Sun, which 

 were excavated in digging the foundation of houses 

 at Bath ; and among the Tatter, many have been laid 

 open in Gloucestershire, Oxfordshire, Wiltshire, and 

 other counties, which, though consisting only of the 

 substructure of such buildings, in many instances 

 have been so perfect as to indicate the plan and 

 arrangement of the several apartments, which have 

 frequently been found decorated with beautiful pave- 

 ments, displaying mythological or grotesque designs; 

 as those at Woodchester, near Stroudwater, of which 

 most splendid engravings, with descriptions, were 

 published by Samuel Lysons, F. S. A. The great 

 Roman roads are among the characteristic works of 

 the conquerors of Britain. They were admirably 

 constructed with vast labour, by the soldiery, as 

 appears from ancient inscriptions still existing. 

 Antiquaries have traced the course and direction ot 

 most of them, as they extended in nearly straight 

 lines between the stations with which they were con- 

 nected ; and portions of them are in several places 

 yet discernible. The principal lines of road were 

 the Watling Street, from Richborough through Lon- 

 don to Holyhead ; Iknield Street, or the road of the 

 Iceni, from Yarmouth, in Norfolk, to the Land's 

 End ; Ryknield Street, from Tinmouth to St David's; 

 Ermin Street, from Pevensey to Berwick-on-Tweed ; 

 Akeman Street, from the eastern side of England to 

 St David's ; and the Foss-way, from Lincoln to Bath. 

 The British Roman towns or stations were about 

 ninety-two, among- the more remarkable of which 

 were Rutupiae, Richborough ; Portus Dubris, Dover ; 

 Durovernum, Canterbury; Durobrivis, Rochester; 

 Londinum, London ; Venta Belgarum, Winchester ; 

 Durnovaria, Dorchester (Dorset); Isca Damnoniorum, 

 Exeter; Camalodunum, Colchester; Verulamiun., 

 near St Alban's ; Aquae Solis, Bath ; Glevum, Glou- 

 cester; Corinum, Cirencester; Sorbiodunum, Old 

 Sarum ; Cunetio, near Marlborough ; Calleva, pro- 

 bably Silchester ; Ratis or Ragae, Leicester ; Deva, 

 Chester ; Lindum Colonia, Lincoln ; Eboracum, York, 

 and Luguvallum, Carlisle. 



Attempts have been made by some writers to dis- 

 criminate between the style of building in use among 

 the Anglo-Saxons and those adopted by their succes- 

 sors, the Danes and Normans ; but there are very few 

 existing edifices, the erection of which can with pro- 

 bability be referred to the Saxon period of our annals, 

 most of the royal and baronial castles and the great 

 conventual and cathedral churches having been found- 

 ed or rebuilt subsequently to the Norman Conquest. 

 Conisborough Castle, in Yorkshire, however, appears 

 to retain some portions of Saxon architecture, as do 

 others also in ruins ; and there are a few churches in 

 the midland counties, particularly those of Earl's 

 Barton and Brixworth, in Northamptonshire, and 

 Barton-on-the-Humber, in Lincolnshire, distinguished 

 by some peculiarities of construction, characteristic 

 of a ruder, and perhaps an earlier style than that of 

 the Normans. Numerous Norman buildings, castel- 

 lated and ecclesiastical, especially the latter, are 

 found in various parts of England, the discriminating 

 features of which are semicircular arches and zigzag 

 mouldings, as at Rochester Castle, St Botolph^ 

 Priory, Colchester, the parish churches of Frends- 

 bury, in Kent, Ozleworth, South Cerney, and others in 

 G loucestershire, parts of th* cathedrals of Rochester, 

 Canterbury, and Lincoln, and the White Tower, the 

 oldest portion of the Tower of London. About the 

 middle of the twelfth century, a new style of building 

 began to be adopted in England, called the Gothic 

 or pointed style, the windows, doorways, and other 

 openings being formed with pointed, instead of round- 



