54 



ENTOMOLOGY. 



subject of insects, MacLeay, Leach, and Kirby stand 

 pre-eminent in England. Prussia boasts of her 

 Klug and Illiffer ; Germany of her Knoch, Manner- 

 heim, and Germar ; Russia of her Fischer ; Sweden 

 of her Paykull, Gyllenhal, and Schoenherr; and 

 France, that favourite seat of science, gave birth to 

 Latreille, the greatest of entomologists. There, too, 

 count Dejean is busied with his admirable work on 

 coleopterous insects, which, when completed, will 

 leave nothing to be desired with respect to that 

 order. Leon Dufour, of the same country, by his 

 various memoirs on the anatomy of a new species of 

 brachmus, on that of the coleoptera, of the cicaderice, 

 of the acadella, of \heforficula, &c., has given am- 

 ple proofs of his devotion to the science, and of his 

 title to the rank of- the first entomological anatomist 

 of the age. Savigny, also, who sacrificed his sight 

 to his anatomical investigations, and was one of the 

 savants who accompanied the expedition to Egypt, 

 has rendered the most important services to this 

 branch of zoology, by his work on the mouths of 

 insects. In America, Melsheimer (who furnished 

 Knoch with the greater part of his species), Say, 

 Hentz, Le Conte, Harris, and many others, have 

 successfully exerted themselves in detecting and 

 describing the insects of the United States. 



The history of the first and second classes of arti- 

 culated animals, or the Crustacea (crabs, lobsters, 

 &c.) and arachnides (spiders), is so involved with 

 that of the third, or the insecta or insects, pro- 

 perly so called, that but little separate allusion has 

 been made to it. 



In the earlier writings of Lamarck, he included the 

 Crustacea, as well as the Arachnides, in his Class 

 Insecta. These have since been formed into separate 

 Classes by him, but as the latter of these is so nearly 

 allied to the true insects, we have retained it at the 

 head of that Class, under its own proper title. 



ARACHNIDES. 



THE ARACHNIDES are oviparous animals, provided with arti- 

 culated members, but do not undergo a metamorphosis, similar 

 to in-i cf. They respire, either by bronchiae or by means of a 

 trachea, the opening's for the admission of air being stigmati- 

 form ; and they are destitute of antennae. 



ORDER I. PULMONARI^E. 



With a heart ; each side of the abdomen with bronchial sacs, 

 txtodffht eyes; two pedipalpi: two jaws and palpi; and 

 four pair of feet : sexual organs double. 



SECTION I. PEDIPALPI. 

 Very large palpi : abdomen distinctly annulated, having no 

 web-spinning papillae. 



FAMILY I. SCORPIONIDES. 



With a sessile abdomen, provided with four spiracles, the six 



terminal segments forming a tail ; the last one pointed, and 



serving as a sting, perforated for the passage of poison ; palpi 



forceps-shaped. Scorpio Afer, pi. .31, fig. 1. 



FAMILY II. TARANTULA. 

 With a pedunculated abdomen, each side below furnished with 

 two spiracles, and terminated by a stingless, jointed filament ; 

 palpi arm-shaped, with spinous extremities ; mandibles raono- 

 dactyle ; anterior feet longer than the others ; tongue long and 

 dart-shaped. T/ielyphomis Caudatus, pi. 31, fig. 2. 



SECTION II. ARANEIDES. 



Palpi like small feet, ending in a hook ; last joint bearing the 



sex nal organs in the male ; four or six raamillaa placed near the 



anal opening, in both sexes, for the purpose of spinning. 



I. TETRAPNECMONES. 

 Provided with two spiracles, and two pulmonary sacs on 

 both sides. Mygale Camentaria, pi. 31, fig. 3. 



II. DIPNEOMONES. 

 Having only one spiracle, and one pulmonary sac, on eacl 1 

 ide; six spinning orifices ; the four exterior quadrangular, am 

 two smaller ones in the middle. 



FAMILY I. TUBITEL*. 



Spinning orifices fasciculated, approximated, and cylindrical 

 feet strong. Aranea Domestica. 



FAMILY II. IN.IQUITELL*:. 

 llse converging and conical ; feet very slander 



ret and last pairs arc usually longer than tlio others ; jaw-, In- 

 lined upon the labium. Scytodei thoracica, pi. 31, fig. 5. 



FAMILY HI. ORBITEL.C. 



Differing from the preceding family, in the first and second 

 mir of feet being usually longest ; the jaws are straight, and 

 vider above. Epeiru diadema, pi. 3], fig. 6. 



FAMILY IV. LATKRIORAD.C. 



FAMILY V. CITIGRAD.. 

 Eyes, eight in number, placed curvilinearly triangu.ar, or 

 ovally truncated. They spin no webs ; capture their p -ey by 

 eaping. Lycosa Tarantula, pi. 31, fig. 8. 



FAMILY VI. SALTIGRAD/E. 



Legs formed for leaping ; eyes either in a single or double 

 liiadrangular group, the smaller ones within the other. Eresut 

 noniligerus. 



ORDER II TRACHEA RIJE. 



Without a heart, but in its stead a single dorsal vessel ; they 

 respire through a radiated trachea, the air passing through 



piracies in the abdomen or thorax ; eyes from two to four ; 



ome are blind; mouth usually syphon-shaped ; sexual organs 

 single. 



FAMILY I. PYCNOGONIDES. 



With a projecting syphon ; four eyes placed on a single 

 ;nbercle ; feet mostly long, terminated by unequal hooks ; at 

 Jie base of the first are two oviferous feet. Pycnogonon Salts. 

 titi-inn. pi. 31, fig. 10. 



FAMILY II. PSECDOSCORPIONES. 



With very large, pediform palpi, with a didactyle hand or 

 a vascular button. Chelifer Cancroides, pi. 31, fig. II. 



FAMILY III. PHALANGITA. 



With slender filiform palpi, terminated by a hook. Siro 

 rubem, pi. 31, fig. 12. 



FAMILY IV. ACARIDES. 



With an oval or globular extremely minute body; generally 

 with two filiform palpi ; eyes minute ; eight hairy feet, each 

 terminated with two or three hooks. Trombidium tinctorum, 

 pi. 31, fig. 13. 



FAMILY V. HYDRACHNELLB. 



Mouth generally produced and feet adapted for swimming. 

 Hydrachna geographica, pi. 31, fig. 14. 



FAMILY VI RICINI.'E. 



Mouth produced, legs formed for walking, wandering, or 

 parasitical laud animals. Argas reflexus, pi. 31, fig. 15. 



FAMILY VII. MICROPHTHIRA. 



Having six legs, and always parasitical. I.eptus Autumnn. 

 lit. PI. 31, fig. 16. 



INSECTS. 



ORDER I. THYSANOURA. 

 These are apterous insects, with six feet, and undergo no 

 metamorphosis ; head distinct ; two antennae, which are longer 

 than the head ; abdomen with a terminal forked or filamen- 

 tary tail. 



FAMILY I. LBPISMEN^E. 



Antennae with many small joints ; palpi produced ; abdomen 

 provided with a series of moveable appendages on each side. 

 Machilis polypoda, pi. 33, fig. I. 



FAMILY II. PODORELL^. 



Antennae four jointed ; month destitute of palpi ; no lateral 

 appendages on the abdomen ; tail forked (uspd in leaping) while 

 in repose it is folded under the abdomen. Podura Plutnbea, pi. 



33, fig- 2. 



ORDER II PARASITA. 



With six feet ; no abdominal appendages ; two or four small 

 eyes exterior mouth, nipple or snout-shaped, inclosing a re- 

 tractile sucker ; sometimes having membranous lips, with 

 doubly hooked mandibles. 



FAMILY I. MANDIBU-LATA. 



Having two lips, mandibles, and jaws. Rieinus corvitoracu 

 pi. 33, fig. 3. 



FAMILY II. SIPHUNCCLATA. 



No mandibles ; mouth consisting of a beak, from which a 

 sucker can be protruded at will. Pediculu* coturntcit, pi. 

 33, fig. 4. 



ORDER III. SYPHONAPTERA. 

 With a compressed body ; mouth provided with a two-pieced 

 sucker, inclosed between two articulated lamina- ; these form, 

 a conical or cylindrical beak, covered with scales at the base. 

 It consists of but one genus, 



