ENTOZOA EPACTS. 



61 



ENTOZOA. This is the eleventh class of animals, 

 according to the descending scale. It comprehends 

 all those creatures known by the name of intestinal 

 worms, remarkable for inhabiting and propagating 

 within the bodies of other animals. Almost every 

 animal is subject to be infested with worms. These 

 are found in the alimentary canal, and its communi- 

 cating vessels, and also in the cellular substance, the 

 liver, and the brain. 



The intestinal worms are destitute of all the organs 

 of respiration, nor have any circulating vessels, or 

 a nervous system been detected in them. Besides 

 those which inhabit animal bodies, there are others 

 which possess similar characters; hence naturalists 

 have placed them in this class. 



The circumstance of some of the Entozoa living 

 in the liver and brain and other parts of the system, 

 which are inaccessible, by direct means, to the ali- 

 mentary canal, has excited surprise; many have ac- 

 counted for their existence upon the theory of spon- 

 taneous vitality. But when we find that almost the 

 whole intestinal worms embrace two sexes, we think 

 it a pretty conclusive proof that these animals are 

 produced by the ordinary means. 



Although these animals must have been known to 

 mankind from the earliest ages, yet their history has 

 been but little investigated till lately. Two distin- 

 guished living individuals, professors Bremser and 

 Rudolphi, have devoted their lives to making collec- 

 tions, and studying the habits and cure of this inter- 

 esting though obscure race of beings; and Captain 

 Thomas Brown, of Edinburgh, some years ago, added 

 a new species to the list of those inhabiting the human 

 frame. 



In treating of these animals we follow the arrange- 

 ment of Latreille, as given in his Families du Regne 

 Animal. The characters of the Class are, body soft, 

 elongated, almost all naked ; destitute of head, eyes, 

 and feet; as also of tentacula, and the organs of 

 respiration : in some species the intestinal canal is 

 hardly perceptible. 



ORDER I ELMINTHOGAMA. 



Consists of worms which locate themselves on the exterior 

 of aquatic animals, or in the internal parts of others, having a 

 mouth, vent, and separate sexual organs ; two nerve-like fila- 

 ments in some species, taking their nse near the opening of the 

 oesophagus. 



FAMILY I. ENTOMOIDA. 



Inhabiting the exterior of aquatic animals, with feet-like ap- 

 pendages ; the females, with two ovaries at the termination of 

 their bodies. 



TRIBE I. THORACICA. 



Body subdivided, the one part representing the head and 

 thorax, and the other the abdomen. 



TRIBE II. CAPITATA. 



Anterior extremity having the appearance of a head. 

 TRIBB III ANOUILLIFORMIA. 



With an elongated linear body, having fin-like processes at 

 the posterior extremity ; anterior end with a sort of small den- 

 ticuta. 



TRIBE IV. RHIZODA. 



With an elongated slender body, having terminal processes. 

 TRIBB V. ACOLA. 



Destitute of external processes, the ovaries only projecting. 

 FAMILY II. LUMBRICOIDA. 



Worms which inhabit the interior of animals, and destitute 

 of either feet-like processes or antennae. 

 TRIBB I ANODONTA. 



Body usually filiform, with an orbicular mouth, without hooks 

 or spines, but having lips, papillae, or a small naked tube in the 

 shape of a proboscis. 



Genttt atcarii. Body long and round, elastic and attenuated 

 at both ends ; head provided with three tubercles ; the posterior 

 extremity obtuse or subulated. Atcarit lumhricoidet, or large 

 round worm, pL 32, f. 57 Inhabits the large aud small intestines 

 in man. 



Gentu oxyurif. Cervical extremity minute, undulated, and 

 the posterior extremity spiral ; skin at the sides of the body finely 

 crenated. Oxyurii vermicularia, pi. 32, f.59 male, f. 68 female. 

 These inhabit the intestines of children, eren in new born in- 

 fants, especially the rectum. Oxyurit angulata, pi. 32, f. 62 

 male, f. 63 female ; inhabiting the human intestines. 



Filaria medinemit, pi. 32, f. 65. Trichocephalta ditpar, 

 pi. 32, f. 60 male, f. 61 female. Hamularia rubcampretsa, pi. 32, 

 f. 66. Strongylut gigas, pi. 32, f. 65. 



TRIBB II. ECHINOSTOMA. 



Mouth provided with teeth or hooks, and the body seldom 

 filiform. 



ORDER II. ELMINTHAPROCTA. 



Worms which inhabit the interior of the bodies of animals ; 

 organs of generation united in each individual ; destitute of a 

 floating alimentary sac, but provided with a simple cavity in the 

 interior ; and nearly or totally devoid of nerves. 



FAMILY I. HIRUDIFORMIA. 



Provided with distinct sexual organs ; body enveloped in a 

 cyst ; soft, generally depressed, somewhat resembling a leech in 

 form, provided with suckers of which one or more answer the 

 purpose of a mouth. 



TRIBB I. OLIGOPOHA. 

 Having one or two suckers. 



TRIBB II. POLYPORA. 

 Having at least three suckers. 



FAMILY II. CBSTOIDEA. 



Having sexual organs, or at least distinct ovaries ; body lonr 

 and frequently articulated, but not enveloped in a cyst ; mouth 

 consisting of four probpsciform processes, or osculi surrounding 

 a trunk-shaped mammilla, some provided with small opines, and 

 others with hooks. 



TRIBB I. ANTHOSTOMA. 

 Having four trunks or projecting and retractile suckers. 



TRIBB II. STBPHANOSTOMA. 



Having but one proboscis, and the lateral osculi slightly or 

 not at all projecting. 



SUBDIVISION I. 



Of this order the most interesting to mankind, must be those 

 which are most common in the human body ; to which we shall 

 confine our descriptions. 



Genut Bothriocephalut. Body greatly elongated and much 

 depressed, consisting of a series of many articulations j head 

 subtriagoual ; tail often bifurcated; with oscula or suckers 

 placed in the centre of the articulations on both sides. Bothrio- 

 ceplialuf latus, or Broad tape-worm, pi. 32, f. 56. 



SUBDIVISION II. 



Genus Ttenia. Body elongated, depressed, and consisting of 

 numerous articulations, each of which is provided with an oa 

 culum on both sides, placed in the centre of the edges ; and the 

 head provided with four sucking oscula. Ttenia Sblium, or 

 common tape-worm, pi. 32, f. 68. 



FAMILY III. CYSTICA. 



Animais enveloped in a cyst, sometimes solitary, at others 

 congregating, often in many groups ; body either wholly vascular, 

 or behind only ; destitute of ovaries. 



TRIBB I. MONOBIA. 



Animals each enclosed in a separate cyst. 

 Cysticercut cellulotce, pi. 32, f. 64. Inhabits the cellular tissue, 



fee, 



TRIBE II. STNBIA. 



Many animals enclosed in a single cyst, and these often in 

 separate groups, and which they can leave or enter at will. 



ENTRE-DUERO-E-MINHO; a province of Por- 

 tugal, bounded north by Galicia, a province of Spain; 

 east by Tralos-Montes and Spain; south by Beira, 

 from which it is separated by the river Duero ; and 

 west by the Atlantic: square miles, according to 

 Hassel, 2121; others, 3455 : population, according 

 to Antillon, 907,965; Ebeling, 817,167; Barros, 

 1,123,495: houses, 181,853. 



EPACTS, (from ivraya, induce, intercalo}, in chro- 

 nology ; the excesses of the solar month above the 

 lunar synodical month, and of the solar year above 

 the lunar year of twelve synodical months; or of 

 several solar months above as many synodical months, 

 and several solar years above as many dozen of syno- 

 dical months. The epacts, then, are either annual 

 or menstrual. 



Menstrual Epacts are the excesses of the civil or 

 calendar month above the lunar month. Suppose, 

 for example, it were new moon on the first day of 

 January ; since the lunar month is 29 days, 12 hours, 

 44 minutes, 3 seconds, and the month of January 

 contains 31 days, the menstrual epact is 1 day, 1 1 

 hours, 15 minutes, 57 seconds. 



Annual Epacts are the excesses of the solar year 

 above the lunar. Hence, as the Julian solar year 

 is 365 days 6 hours, and the Julian lunar yeai 354 



