ERZERUM ESCHENBURG. 



91 



ing round the body a little above the umbilicus, 

 winch have vesicles formed on them in a short time. 

 Little or no danger ever attends this species of ery- 

 sipelas. 



ERZERUM, or ARZERUM, or ARZ-ROUM 

 (anciently Arze) ; a city and the capital of Turkish 

 Armenia, or Turcomania, and also of a pachalic to 

 which it gives name ; is situated 250 miles N. N. E. 

 of Aleppo, 510 E. by S. of Constantinople ; Ion. 40 

 57' E. ; lat. 39 58' N. ; population, according to 

 Hassel, Cannabich, Malte-Brun, &c., only 25,000 ; 

 according to the Edinburgh Gazetteer, 100,000, or 

 130,000. Mr Morief, who visited this city in 1808, 

 gives the following estimate : Turkish families, 

 50,000; Armenian, 4 or 5000; Greek, 100; Per- 

 sians living in a caravansary, about 1000. Mr Mo- 

 rier mentions, that from the original estimate he 

 deducted more than one-tlurd of the number of 

 Turkish families ; but the reduced statement, at the 

 rate of five persons to a family, makes the Turkish 

 population amount to 250,000. It is an Armenian 

 archbishop's and Greek bishop's see. 



Erzerum is situated near the head of the Eu- 

 phrates, on a rising ground, at the base of a chain 

 of mountains, which are usually covered with snow. 

 The climate is healthy, but the cold in winter in- 

 tense. It is surrounded by a double stone wall, with 

 four gates. It is well built ; the houses generally 

 of stone, with rafters of wood, and terraced, having 

 grass growing on the tops, and sheep and calves 

 feeding there ; so that when seen from a distance, the 

 roofs of the houses can hardly be distinguished from 

 the plain at their foundation. The streets are mostly 

 paved, the bazars are spacious and well stocked, and 

 the place exhibits an appearance of much industry. 

 It contains about 100 mosques, one Greek, and two 

 Armenian churches, and sixteen baths. It has con- 

 siderable manufactures, and an extensive trade in 

 copper, and articles from Persia, and countries 

 north-west of Hindostan. It is a very ancient town; 

 the inhabitants date its foundation from the time of 

 Noah. Population of the pachalic, according to 

 Hassel, 300,000. Square miles, 21,400. 



ERZGEBIRGE (German; meaning the ore 

 mountains) ; a chain of mountains, running between 

 Saxony and Bohemia, till they meet the Riesenge- 

 birge ; on the frontiers of Silesia. The highest sum- 

 mits, which are on the side of Saxony, rise to 3800 

 or 3900 feet above the level of the sea. The Erzge- 

 birge consist chiefly of the gneiss granite formation, 

 and in tliis the principal beds of ore are to be found. 

 Masses of porphyry and basalt are found on and in 

 this formation. Towards Saxony, beds of clay slate 

 rest on the granite and gneiss ; and above the clay 

 slate are granite and syenite. Towards Bohemia, 

 the primitive formation is covered for a consider- 

 able extent by brown coal mountains, and the re- 

 mainder by clay slate. These mountains are rich 

 in mines of silver, iron, copper, lead, cobalt, ar- 

 senic, &c. 



Erzgebirge is also the name of one of the five 

 circles of the kingdom of Saxony, comprising 2456 

 square miles, with 450 to 500,000 inhabitants. The 

 whole circle is one of the most industrious in Ger- 

 many. Muiing occupies more than 12,000 of the 

 people. Freiberg, Annaberg, Schneeberg, &c., 

 have become important by means of the neighbouring 

 silver and tin mines, the smelting works, the manu- 

 factories of arsenic, and of a blue colour from cobalt. 

 The Erzgebirge is the chief manufacturing district in 

 Saxony. Annaberg is the chief seat or the lace- 

 making business. There are manufactories of calico, 

 cloth, stockings, arms, needles, gold and silver lace, 

 of flax and wool, and cotton. Chemnitz and Zwickau, 

 towns in this circle, carry on an active business in 



the sale of the manufactured goods, which are ex- 

 ported to many parts of the world. 



ES, or EIS (J,- or in) ; a Greek preposition, sig- 

 nifying to. It has been added, in the Romaic Ian 

 guage, to several geographical names, and has con- 

 tributed to corrupt the ancient names ; for instance, 

 Setines, the modern name of Athens, is formed from 

 es Athinai, to Athens ; Stives, for es T/iivai, to 

 Thebes ; Istamboul, or Stamboul (Constantinople,) 

 for es tin polin, literally translated, to the city. 



ESCALADE, in war; a furious attack of a wall 

 or a rampart, carried on with ladders, to pass the 

 ditch or mount the rampart, without proceeding 

 in form, breaking ground, or carrying on regular 

 works to secure the men. 



ESCAPE, in law, is where a person arrested gains 

 his liberty before he is delivered by law. Escapes 

 are either in civil or criminal cases ; and may be dis- 

 tinguished into voluntary and negligent ; voluntary, 

 where it is with the consent of the keeper ; negli- 

 gent, where it is for want of due care. In civil 

 cases, after the prisoner has been suffered voluntarily 

 to escape, the sheriff can never after retake him, and 

 must answer for the debt ; but the plaintiff may re- 

 take him at any time. In the case of a negligent 

 escape, the sheriff, upon fresh pursuit, may retake 

 the prisoner, and the sheriff shall be excused if he 

 has him again before any action is brought against 

 himself for the escape. In criminal cases, an escape 

 of a person arrested is an offence against public jus- 

 tice, and the party is punishable by fine and impri- 

 sonment. 



ESCHEAT, in law, denotes an obstruction of the 

 course of descent, and a consequent determination of 

 the tenure by some unforeseen contingency; in which 

 case, the land naturally results back to the original 

 grantor, or lord of the fee. 



ESCHENBACH, WOLFRAM VON, who flourished 

 in the first half of the thirteenth century ; one of the 

 most voluminous and also of the most distinguished 

 German poets of the Suabian period. Of a lively 

 imagination and penetrating spirit, rich and original 

 in his descriptions, and a complete master of lan- 

 guage and versification, he elevated himself to a high 

 rank among epic poets. Nothing is known of his 

 private circumstances, except that he belonged to a 

 noble family, probably in the Upper Palatinate. He 

 was knighted at Henneberg, and passed his life in 

 the performance of the duties of chivalry, being sup- 

 ported by his poetical genius and the liberality of 

 princes. He distinguished himself among the minne- 

 singers of the Wartburg. Towards the end of his 

 life, he returned to the castle of his fathers, and was 

 buried in the church of Our Lady of Eschenbach. 

 His poems are partly original, and partly imitated 

 from the French and Provengal literature. The most 

 esteemed of his numerous works are, The Parcival 

 (printed 1477, 4to, found also in Muller's Collection), 

 the Titurell, or the Guardian of the Graale (printed 

 in 1477, 4to), the Margrave of Narbonne, Lohengrin 

 (edited by Gorres, Heidelberg, 1813), William of 

 Orange, and Godfrey of Boulogne. Some of his poems 

 are in the Collection of Manessi. 



ESCHENBURG, JOHN JOACHIM, professor in the 

 Carolinum at Brunswick, was born at Hamburg, in 

 1743, and died at Brunswick, in 1820. He received 

 his early education at Hamburg, then studied at 

 Leipsic, under Ernesti, Gallert, Morus, and Clodius, 

 and at Gottingen, under Heyne and Michaelis. He 

 afterwards went to Brunswick as a tutor ; and, on 

 the death of the poet Zacliarias, he was appointed to 

 the professorship in tin- Caroliiium there an office 

 which he filled till his death. Germany is indebted 

 to him for an acquaintance with many good English 

 writers on {esthetics; for example, Brown, Webb, 



