94 



ESPIRITU-SANTO ESS. 



From tills time, she shone in the groat world, sur- 

 rounded by a brilliant circle of admirers. D'Alt-m- 

 bert endeavoured in vain to obtain her affections ; he 

 only succeeded in obtaining her esteem. The 

 marquis of Mora, a young Spanish nobleman, loved 

 her, and was loved in return ; but was soon super- 

 seded in her affections by colonel Guibert, celebrated 

 for his connexion with Frederic II. Her letters 

 show the strength of her sensibility and the caprices 

 of her love, which was blindly lavished without 

 regard to reciprocation. She died in 1776. 



ESPIRITU-SANTO, or SPIR1TU-SANTO (the 

 Spanish for Holy Ghost) ; a name often occurring in 

 geography. For instance, it belongs to a place on 

 the island of Cuba ; to a bay of Florida ; to an 

 island in the gulf of California ; to a bay of Mexico, &c. 



ESPLANADE, in fortification; the sloping of 

 the parapet of the covered way towards the open 

 country ; the same with glacis. 



ESPREMENIL, JAMES DCVAL D', a native of 

 Pondicherry, counsellor of the parliament of Paris, 

 and deputy from the nobility to the states-general 

 in 1789, was distinguished for talent and virtue. 

 D'Espremenil had entertained the project of restor- 

 ing to France the states-general ; and, at the session 

 of the parliament, Nov. 19, 1787, he spoke with 

 energy in favour of that scheme, and in opposition to 

 the measures of the ministry. He renewed his ani- 

 madversions, May 3, 1788, in consequence of which 

 he was seized and banished to the isle of St Mar- 

 garet. Being recalled to Paris in 1789, he was 

 nominated a deputy to the states-general, when he 

 defended the monarchy against innovators with as 

 much warmth as he had before opposed the despotism 

 of the ministry. He made a speech against the 

 union of the different orders, and, when he saw the 

 minority of the nobles about to leave the chamber 

 of session, he exclaimed, " We are on the field of 

 battle : the cowards desert us : but let us close our 

 ranks, and we are still strong enough." In oppos- 

 ing the establishment of paper money, in September, 

 1790, he made the singular proposition to re-estab- 

 lish the monarchy in the full plenitude of its power. 

 He afterwards endeavoured in vain to curb the revo- 

 lutionary fury, to which he was destined to fall 

 a victim. On the 27th of July, 1792, he was assailed 

 by a band of armed men, by whom he was badly 

 wounded, and narrowly escaped being killed. His 

 friends then entreated him to leave France ; but he 

 refused, saying he ought to await the consequences 

 of a revolution of which he had been one of the 

 prime movers. He was at length condemned by 

 the revolutionary tribunal, and perished on the scaf- 

 fold in 1793, in the forty-eighth year of his age. 



ESPRIT, in French, signifies spirit. In English, 

 the phrase esprit de corps is not unfrequently used in 

 the sense of attachment to the class or body of which 

 one is a member. 



ESQUIMAUX ; an Indian nation of North Ame- 

 rica, occupying nearly all of the northern part of the 

 continent, from Prince William's sound along the 

 coasts of the Icy sea and of Hudson's bay to the 

 borders of the Atlantic on the Labrador coast. 

 Those to the N. W. of Hudson's bay are of a larger 

 size than those of Labrador, but they are all 

 dwarfish. Their origin is uncertain ; but they are 

 evidently different from the aborigines generally 

 diffused over the country, in language, character, 

 habits of living, complexion, and stature. Their 

 features are harsh and disagreeable, their cheek 

 bones prominent, their noses small and flat, their 

 eyes small and black, and their lips thick. They 

 are clothed in the skins of marine animals, which 

 constitute their principal subsistence. The following 

 cut represents their domestic costume. 



Besides taking seals and whales, they hunt the 

 reindeer, the bear, wolves, and other wild beasts. 

 Their domestic animals are a large kind of dogs, 

 which they use for draught and the chase, and 

 which they prefer to the reindeer. Their arms 

 are bows and arrows, spears and knives. Their 

 canoes are composed of a frame of wood or 

 whalebone, covered with seal skins. The smaller 

 kind, capable of containing only one person, are 

 called kayaks. They sometimes use a larger kind, 

 called oomiak, for transporting luggage and remov- 

 ing their families, which afford accommodations for 

 twenty persons. There is no authentic account of 

 their numbers. They are represented as being with- 

 out any kind of government, and nothing is known 

 of their religious notions. They wrap up the dead 

 in skins, and deposit the body, with the arms of the 

 deceased, in the hollow of a rock. In 1764, the 

 Moravian Brethren from Greenland established a 

 mission in Labrador. They have induced the Esqui- 

 maux within their influence to abolish the custom of 

 putting to death widows and orphans, and that of 

 abandoning the aged who were incapable of procur- 

 ing their own subsistence. The missionaries are of 

 opinion that the Esquimaux originated from Green- 

 land, on account of the great similarity of their 

 manners and customs, and of their language, to those 

 of the Greenlanders. 



ESQUIRE ; anciently, the person that attended a 

 knight in the time of war, and carried his shield. 

 Those to whom the title of esquire is now due in 

 England, are, all noblemen's younger sons, and the 

 eldest sons of such younger sons ; the eldest sons of 

 knights, and their eldest sons ; the officers of the 

 king's courts, and of his household ; counsellors at 

 law, justices of the peace, &c., though the latter are 

 only esquires in reputation : besides, a justice of..the 

 peace holds this title no longer than he is in commis- 

 sion, hi case he is not otherwise qualified to bear it ; 

 but a sheriff of a county, who is a superior officer, re- 

 tains the title of esquire during life, in consequence of 

 the trust once reposed in him. The heads of some 

 ancient families are esquires by right of prescription. 



ESS, CHARLES VAN, born in 1770, at Warburg, in 

 the bishopric of Paderborn, entered the Benedictine 

 abbey of Huysburg, near Halberstadt, in 1788, where 

 he subsequently became prior; but, on the suppres- 

 sion of the abbey, in 1804, he became a parish 

 preacher at this place. In 1811, the bishop of 

 Paderborn appointed him episcopal commissioner, 

 with the full powers of vicar-general in the depart- 

 ments of the Elbe and Saal. In this situation, he 

 evinced a great predilection for the Roman see. It 

 is said that he took but little part in the translation 

 of the New Testament which was published under 

 his and his brother's name, and he subsequently dis- 

 claimed any co-operation in it. In 1810, he wrote a 

 History of the Abbey of Huysburg, and, at the time 

 of the Protestant jubilee, in 1817, a Short History of 



