98 



ESSLINGEN ESTATES. 



improvements liave been carried on in this county 

 very extensively. By means of imbanking, draining, 

 &c., lands have been reclaimed or rendered more 

 productive ; and the construction of new roads lias 

 contributed to the advantage of the former, and given 

 a spur to industry by affording facilities for carriage 

 and communication. The principal productions of 

 the soil are wheat and other kinds of grain, beans, 

 peas, tares, rape, mustard, rye-grass, trefoil, hops, 

 coriander, carraway, saffron, and teasels, besides 

 garden plants and roots, the culture of which is 

 chiefly confined to the vicinity of the metropolis. 

 Epping Forest is famous for the excellence of the 

 butter and cream which it furnishes to the London 

 dealers ; and the county is proverbially noted for its 

 calves, the number bred or fattened here being 

 greater than in any other district in the kingdom. 

 Its chief rivers are the Coin, the Blackwater, the 

 Chehnar, the Crouch, and the Rodden. Colchester 

 and Chelmsford are its chief towns. Population in 

 1831, 317,233. 



ESSLINGEN. See Aspern. 



ESTACHAR, or ESTAKAR, or 1STACHAR ; 

 a town in Persia, in Chusistan ; 30 miles N. N. E. of 

 Schiras, 160 S. S. E. of Ispahan ; Ion. 53 40' E. ; 

 lat. 30 5' N. Near it are the ruins of ancient 

 Persepolis. These ruins are on a plain, six miles 

 in breadth, and 105 in length, from north-west to 

 south-east. It is usually called Murdasjo, and the 

 inhabitants pretend that it included 880 villages. 

 The soil is chiefly converted into arable land, and 

 watered by a great number of rivulets. According 

 to Le Bruyn, no traces of the city now remain ; the 

 magnificent ruins which he saw in the year 1704, and 

 of which he has given a description, with many 

 plates, are those of the royal palace of the an- 

 cient kings of Persia, which the Persians call Chil- 

 minar, or Chalmenaer, which signifies forty columns. 

 Among other ruins are those of a tomb, supposed to 

 be the tomb of Darius. 



ESTAFET ; a particular kind of courier, who 

 goes only a certain distance, when he is relieved, 

 like a mail-carrier. He rides on horseback, and is 

 furnished by the post-office. Estafettes travel faster 

 than the mails, and may be had at any time on the 

 European continent. They are often employed by 

 merchants to convey information of fluctuations in 

 the stocks, the early knowledge of which is often of 

 the highest importance. Estafettes are bound to 

 perform the different stages in a certain time, and 

 not to carry any other letters than those of their 

 employer, without his permission. In Italian, the 

 word is staffetta, in German, staffette, in French, 

 estaffette, in Spanish, estafeta, the Italian being the 

 original. It is probably derived from stajfa, a stirrup, 

 ttaffetta, signifying a small stirrup, perhaps formerly 

 used in preference by estafettes. 



ESTAFFETTE D'ALGER, L'. At the time of 

 the French expedition to Algiers, in 1830, a semi- 

 weekly paper of this name was published hi Africa ; 

 it was a political, military, commercial, and maritime 

 journal, containing the bulletins, &c., of the armies, 

 describing the engagements with lithographic plans, 

 giving sketches of the African commerce, and of the 

 resources and customs of the country, military anec- 

 dotes, &c. Such a paper is unique. We cannot 

 help wishing that Scipio had published a Cursor 

 4/ricaaua, or Alexander an 'AyyiXa; 'A<nvof. But 

 we should then, probably, complain as much of the 

 mass of information as we now do of its defective- 

 ness. 



ESTAMINET (French); a public place where 

 smoking is permitted, which, in France, is not 

 allowed generally in coffee-houses, &c. In the 

 Netherlands, public houses in general are called 



eti, because smoking is permitted hi all. 

 Estaminets, with their floods of beer and clouds of 

 smoke, furnish an important part of a Dutchman's 

 happiness. In London, also, the same name has been 

 given to coffee-houses where smoking is permitted. 



ESTATE, in law, signifies the title or interest 

 which a person has in lands, tenements, hereditaments, 

 or other effects, the word being derived from the 

 Latin status, which means the condition or circum- 

 stances in which a person stands in regard to his pro- 

 perty. Estate is real or personal. The phrase 

 personal estate is applicable not only to movables, 

 goods, money, bonds, notes, but also to some fixtures 

 temporarily attached to lands or buildings ; and the 

 distinction between those fixtures which are tempor- 

 arily such, and those which belong to, and form a 

 part of the house, or other real estate, is of import- 

 ance, as this distinction will determine how it is to be 

 attached on mesne process, or seized and sold, or set 

 off on an execution, and also how it descends on the 

 decease of the proprietor. But personal estate also 

 applies to some interests in lands or houses ; thus a 

 lease of them for a certain number of years, though 

 it be more than a hundred, and so longer than any 

 person is likely to live, is personal estate ; and yet 

 an estate for the life of the owner, or of any other 

 person, in these subjects, though the person, by 

 whose life the interest is limited, may be ever so old 

 or infirm, and likely to survive ever so short a time, 

 is real estate, and is subject to the law regulating- 

 such estate, in regard to sales and descents. Real 

 estate in lands is of various kinds and descriptions, 

 according to the quantity of interest, its duration, or 

 the time by which it is limited in respect to its com- 

 mencement or termination, and the number and con- 

 dition of the owners. A fee simple is the amplest 

 estate which the law admits of. (See Fee.) A free- 

 hold is an estate for the life of any person or persons, 

 or any greater estate. An estate in tail is one limited 

 to certain heirs. (See Entail.) Only real estate and 

 a freehold greater than for the life of one person, can 

 be entailed ; but such an estate is of various kinds, 

 such as tail-male, where it descends, in successive 

 order, to the male heirs of the grantee in direct 

 descent ; tail-female, where it is thus limited to the 

 female descendants ; if it goes in successive order to 

 his descendants without any distinction, it is called an 

 estate in tail-general; if it is limited to certain 

 descendants, as the children of a certain wife, it is an 

 estate in tail-special. An estate in remainder is one 

 of which the owner is to come into possession after 

 the expiration of an intermediate estate of another 

 person, or number of persons or heirs ; and so also is 

 an estate in reversion : thus, if one grants an estate 

 tail, this estate tail may expire, in which case the 

 lands will come back or revert to the grantor, and 

 his estate, which still remains to him after he has 

 granted the estate tail, is therefore called a rever- 

 sion. As to the number of owners, an estate in com~ 

 man is a freehold belonging to more than one pro- 

 prietor, in undivided shares ; and so also is an estate 

 \njoint-tenancy ; but there is this distinction between 

 these two kinds of estates, that when one joint-tenant 

 dies, his share goes to the other joint-tenants, which 

 is not the case in tenancies in common. An estate 

 in coparcenary arises when an estate in fee simple 

 descends, on the decease of the owner, to his daugh- 

 ters, sisters, aunts, or female cousins, or their repre- 

 sentatives, being females ; and they are called copar- 

 ceners, or, for brevity, parceners. Real estate left to 

 any one by will is called a devise, or an estate by 

 devise, in distinction from a bequest of personal pro- 

 perty, which is called a legacy. 



ESTATES (in politics). Man, in the rudest state 

 of human existence, lives almost entirely indepen- 



