EUBGEA EUGENE. 



105 



Icelandic leggia,ti\e Swedish lagga, the Greek Ki-yopttt. 

 Law is also connected with the Latin locus and 

 locare. The French lot probably comes from the 

 Latin lex, as the inhabitants of Gaul received laws in 

 a very complete state from the Romans before the 

 Franks conquered Gaul, and from the truncated geni- 

 tive legis, loy and lot can easily have originated. It 

 is to be remarked that derived languages, as the 

 Italian, French, &c., very often form their substan- 

 tives from the genitives of the original language ; as 

 the I talian Giove of Jovis. 



EUBCEA. See Negropont. 



EUCHARIST (from the Greek f^aj/a-T/a, thanks- 

 giving, from tii, well, and ^f/f, grace) ; the name-for 

 the Lord's Supper, because the Scriptures inform us, 

 that Christ, after having taken the wine and bread, 

 blessed them (or gave thanks). See Sacrament, and 

 Corpus Christi. 



EUCHLORINE. See Chlorine. 



EUCLID, called the father of mathematics, was 

 born at Alexandria in Egypt, about 300 B. C., 

 studied at Athens, under Plato, taught geometry at 

 Alexandria in the reign of Ptolemy Soter, and ex- 

 tended the boundaries of mathematical science. The 

 severity and accuracy of his method has never been 

 surpassed. The most profound of his works is that 

 which treats of geometrical analysis. His elements 

 (tru^ilat) are still extant. One of the best editions 

 is by Gregory, Oxford, 1703, fol. His writings on 

 music give us the best idea of the state of that art 

 among the Greeks. His work on geometrical ana- 

 lysis displays his acuteness to the greatest advantage. 



2. Euclid of Megara was the founder of the Mega- 

 ric school. Although Megara is at a considerable 

 distance from Athens, and its inhabitants were for- 

 bidden, under penalty of death, to enter the Athen- 

 ian territories, he used to go to the city in disguise, 

 in the evening, to enjoy the instruction of Socrates, 

 and return at daybreak. He afterwards deviated 

 from the simple system of his teacher, and changed 

 his plain irony into the most subtle disputation. 

 With the Eleatics, he maintained that there was but 

 one being in the universe ; and this being he called 

 the true and good. For its subtilty and disputative- 

 ness his school was also called the Eristic school. 

 He died 424 B. C. Eubulides was one of his pupils. 



EUD^E MONISM, EUD^EMONOLOGY ; the 

 doctrine of happiness, or that system which makes 

 human happiness its prime object, the highest motive 

 of every duty, and of a virtuous life, and conse- 

 quently the whole foundation of morals. Eudsemon- 

 ism is contradistinguished to that morality or pure 

 system of philosophy, which makes virtue itself the 

 chief object, independent of its tendency to promote 

 human happiness. 



Eudaemonist ; one who supports the doctrine of 

 Eudinmonism. 



EUDIOMETER ; an instrument for ascertaining 

 the purity of air, or, rather, the quantity of oxygen 

 contained in any given bulk of elastic fluid. Dr 

 Priestley's discovery of the great readiness with 

 which nitrous gas combines with oxygen, and is pre- 

 cipitated in the form of nitric acid, was the basis 

 upon which he constructed the first instrument of 

 this kind. It consisted of a glass vessel, containing 

 an ounce by measure. This was filled with the air 

 to be examined, which was transferred from it to a 

 jar, of an inch and a half diameter inverted in water; 

 an equal measure of fresh nitrous gas was added to 

 it, and the mixture was allowed to stand two 

 minutes. If the absorption were very considerable, 

 more nitrous gas was added, till all the oxygen 

 appeared to be absorbed. The residual gas was 

 then transferred into a glass tube, two feet long 

 and one-third of an inch wide, graduated to tenths 



and hundredths of an ounce measure ; and thus the 

 quantity of oxygen absorbed was measured by the 

 diminution that had taken place. Other eudio- 

 metrical methods were employed by other chemists. 

 Volta had recourse to the detonation of air with 

 hydrogen gas. For this purpose, two measures of 

 hydrogen gas are introduced into a graduated tube, 

 with three of the air to be examined, and fired by the 

 electric spark. The diminution of bulk observed 

 after the vessel had returned to its original tempera- 

 ture, divided by three, gives the quantity of oxygen 

 consumed. 1'he action of liquor prepared from 

 sulphur and potash, or sulphur and lime, boiled in 

 water, and the slow combustion of phosphorus, 

 have, likewise, been employed in eudiometry. 

 Dobereiner has suggested the use of little balls 

 of spongy platina, for the purpose of detecting 

 minute portions of oxygen in a gaseous mixture, in 

 which hydrogen is also present. Its effect is im- 

 mediate and complete. The moment the sub- 

 stance rises above the surface of the mercuiy, 

 in the tub containing the mixture, the combination 

 of the oxygen and hydrogen begins, and in a few 

 minutes is completed. So energetic is it in its 

 action, that it enables hydrogen to take one of oxy- 

 gen from ninety-nine of nitrogen a result which it is 

 impossible to obtain by electricity. 



EUERGET^E (benefactors). This name was given 

 to a small nation, called Agriaspa or Arimaspi, in 

 the Persian province of Drangiana, because they 

 saved the elder Cyrus with his army in the desert, 

 when in great distress for want of provisions. This 

 little tribe had a good form of government, entirely 

 different from that of the surrounding barbarians. 

 Alexander, therefore, not only left them their consti- 

 tution and liberties entire, but also granted them, at 

 their request, some territories in their vicinity. Some 

 princes have borne this name, e. g., the Ptolemies. 



EUGENE, FRANCIS, of Savoy, known as prince 

 Eugene, fifth son of Eugene Maurice, duke of Savoy- 

 Carignan, count of Soissons, and Olympia Mancini, 

 a niece of cardinal Mazarin, was born at Paris, 1663. 

 Among all the generals and statesmen of Austria, 

 none has rendered more numerous and important 

 services than Eugene. He was great alike in the 

 field and the cabinet. Contrary to his own inclina- 

 tions, Eugene was destined for the church. He peti 

 tioned Louis XIV. for a company of dragoons, but 

 was refused on account of the opposition of Louvois, 

 minister of war, who hated the family of Eugene. 

 Indignant at this repulse, and at the insults offered 

 to his family, and particularly to his mother, Eugene, 

 in 1683, entered the Austrian service, as two of his 

 brothers had already done. He served his first cam- 

 paign as a volunteer against the Turks, under two 

 celebrated generals, Charles, duke of Lorraine, and 

 Louis, prince of Baden, with so much distinction 

 that he received a regiment of dragoons. Louvois, 

 jealous of the reputation of Eugene, said angrily, 

 " He shall never return to his country." Eugene, to 

 whom these words were reported, replied, " I shall 

 return in spite of Louvois ;" and, in fact, some years 

 afterwards, he entered France at the head of a vic- 

 torious army. In 1687, after the battle of Mohacz, 

 he was made lieutenant field-marshal. War having 

 broken out between France and Austria, he prevailed 

 upon the duke of Savoy to enter into an alliance with 

 the emperor, and commanded the imperial forces sent 

 for the defence of Savoy. He rejected the tempting 

 offers made by France to engage him in her service, 

 and was raised by the emperor to the rank of general 

 field-marshal. After the war in Italy was concluded, 

 he was sent to Hungary with the rank of commander- 

 in-chief. He defeated the Turks at the battle of 

 Zenta (September 11, 1697), and obtained, on that 



