112 



EUROPE EUSTACII I . 



to nil quarters of the world, ami every sea is filled 

 with European ships. In this respect. Great Bri- 

 tain is most distinguished. 



Europe is the seat of art and science ; to her 

 belongs the honour of discovering the most important 

 truths, of giving birth to the most useful inventions, 

 the finest productions of genius, the improvement of 

 all the sciences. In intellectual progress, the Teu- 

 tonic races, ami those who speak the languages 

 derived from the Latin, have surpassed the Sclavonic 

 nations. The Turks have remained strangers, in 

 many respects, to the literary and scientific improve- 

 ment which has marked the other European na- 

 tions. Eighty-five universities provide for the higher 

 branches of education ; numerous gymnasia and 

 academies for the preparatory studies, and a great 

 number of lower schools, particularly in Germany, 

 are employed in educating the common people. In 

 many places there are academies of science, and 

 societies of all kinds, for the cultivation of the arts 

 and sciences. 



By its physical situation, Europe is divided into 

 East and West Europe. West Europe comprises the 

 Pyrenean peninsula (Spain and Portugal), the country 

 west of the Alps (France), the countries north of the 

 Alps (Switzerland, Germany, and the Netherlands,) 

 the country south of the Alps (Italy), the islands of 

 the North sea (Great Britain, Ireland, and Iceland), 

 and the countries on the Baltic (Denmark, Norway, 

 Sweden, and Prussia). East Europe contains the 

 countries north of the Carpathian mountains (Russia 

 and Galicia), and the countries south of the Carpa- 

 thian mountains (Hungary, in its more comprehen- 

 sive sense, and Turkey). 



The following are the political states of Europe : 

 the three empires of Austria, Russia, and Turkey ; 

 eighteen kingdoms, viz., Portugal, Spain, France, 

 Great Britain. Belgium, Holland, Denmark, Sweden, 

 Norway, Sardinia, the Two Sicilies, Greece, Prussia, 

 Bavaria, Saxony, Hanover,Wurtemberg, and Poland ; 

 one ecclesiastical state, the papal dominions ; eight 

 republics, viz., Switzerland, the Ionian islands, Cra- 

 cow, San Marino, Hamburg, Lubeck, Bremen, and 

 Frankfort ; one electorate, Hesse ; six grand- 

 duchies, Baden, Hesse-Darmstadt, Saxe-Weimar, 

 Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Mecklenburg-Strelitz, and 

 Tuscany ; twelve duchies, viz., Oldenburg, Gotha, 

 Meiningen, Altenburg, Brunswick, Nassau, Dessau, 

 Bernburg, Cothen, Modena, Parma, and Lucca ; 

 one landgraviate, Hesse-Homburg ; one grand prin- 

 cipality, Finland, and twelve principalities, viz., 

 Hohenzollern-Hechingen,Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, 

 Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, Schwarzburg-Sondershau- 

 sen, Waldeck, Lippe-Detmold, Schaumburg-Lippe, 

 Lichtenstein, Reuss-Greiz, Reuss-Schlciz, Reuss- 

 Lobenstein, and Reuss-Ebersdorf. 



Inhabitants. The most important races inhabits 

 ing Europe are classed by Hassel, in his statistical 

 tables (1823), in the following proportions: 1. 

 Roman nations, 75,829,000 including the French, 

 Italians, Spaniards, Portuguese, Walloons, Walach- 

 lans'; 2. Teutonic, or German nations, 60,451,800 

 including the Germans, Dutch, and English, 

 Danes, Norwegians, Swedes ; 3. Sclavonian nations, 

 68,255,000 including the Russians, Poles, Lithua- 

 nians, Livonians, &c., Wendish, &c., Tschechen, 

 Sclavonians, Croats, Rascians, and Servians, Mor- 

 lachians, Bosnians, &c. ; 4. Caledonians, including 

 the Highlanders, and Irish, 8,200,000. (This num- 

 ber is considerably beyond the truth). 5. Turks, 

 2,350,000; 6. Greeks, 4,834,000; 7. Arnauts, 

 530,000; 8. Magyarians, 4,472,000 including the 

 Bulgarians, 522,000; 9. Finns, 1,370,000, Estho- 

 uians, 480,000, Laplanders, 17,803 (the three last 

 belong to the Mongol race) ; 10. Cymri, or Low 



Bretons, 1,661,000; 11. Basques, 620,000; 12. 

 Maltese, 88,000. The tables of the same distin- 

 guished geographer, published in 1817, estimate, the 

 Jews at 1,179,800; the Gipsies at 313,000; the 

 Armenians at 131,600. 



EURYALE ; 1. queen of the Amazons. 2. A 

 daughter of Minos. 3. A daughter of Proetus, king 

 of Argos. 4. See Gorgons. 



EURYALUS ; 1. one of the Greek heroes at the 

 siege of Troy.. 2. One of the companions of ^Eneas, 

 famous for his friendship with Nisus, with whom he 

 was killed, after having forced his way with him into 

 the enemy's camp. Virgil, JEneid, IX. 175. 



EURYDICE. Among the many women of anti- 

 quity who bore this name, the most celebrated is the 

 wife of Orpheus, who died by the bite of a serpent. 

 Her husband, inconsolable for her loss, descended to 

 the lower world, and, by the charms of his lyre, 

 moved the infernal deities to grant him permission to 

 bring- her back. This they granted, on condition 

 that he would not look round upon her till he had 

 reached the upper world. Forgetting his promise, 

 he looked back, and lost her for ever. This story 

 has often formed a fine subject for poets. 



EURYNOME ; the daughter of Oceanus ; accord- 

 ing to Hesiod, the mother of the Graces, (q. v.) 



EUSEBIA (Greek) ; piety ; in the modern allego- 

 rical sense, the presiding genius of theology. 



EUSEBIUS, surnamed Pamphilus, the father of 

 ecclesiastical history, was bom at Caesarea, in Pales- 

 tine, about 270, A. D., and died about 340. He was 

 a presbyter, and, in 314, was appointed bishop in his 

 native city. He was at first opposed to the Arians, 

 but afterwards became their advocate, and with them 

 condemned the doctrines of Athanasius. His eccle- 

 siastical history, written, like his other works, in 

 Greek, is contained in ten books, and extends from 

 the birth of Christ to 324 (the best editions are 

 that of Valesius. Paris, 1639, fol. and that of Read- 

 ing, Canterbury, 1720, fol.). Of his Chronicon, with 

 the exception of some fragments of the original, we 

 have only an Armenian translation, and the Latin 

 version of Jerome. Besides these, there are yet 

 extant, fifteen books of his Prceparalio Evangeliea, 

 which is particularly valuable for the extracts it con- 

 tains from lost philosophical works. Of the twenty 

 books of his Demonstratio Evangelica, in which he 

 shows the superiority of Christianity to Judaism, we 

 have only ten imperfectly preserved ; and, finally, a 

 life or rather eulogium, of Constantine. Notices of 

 his life may be found in the above quoted edition of 

 Valesius. Danz, Moller, and Ressner have written 

 briefly on his value and credibility as an historian. 



EUSTACHI, BARTOLOMEO, a physician and anato 

 mist, born at San Severino, in the mark of Ancona, 

 studied Latin, Greek, and Arabic at Rome, and 

 devoted, himself to the various departments of medi- 

 cal science, more particularly those which relate to 

 the structure of the human body, and was made 

 physician to the cardinals Carlo Borromeo, and 

 Giulio della Rovera ; he was also appointed professor 

 in the institution della Sapienaa, at Rome. There 

 is hardly any part of anatomical science which he 

 did not enrich by profound researches or important 

 discoveries. Some of the parts discovered by him 

 have received their names from him : thus the canal 

 that unites the internal ear with the back part of the 

 mouth, is called the eiistachian tube ; so also the eusta- 

 chian valve of the heart. Among his works are his 

 Tabulae analomicce, quas e Tenebris tandem vindicatas, 

 ef Pontificis dementis XL Munificentia Dono acceptas, 

 Prcefatione Notisque illustravit Joannes-Maria Lan- 

 cisi (Rome, 1714, fol.). This work is remarkable 

 as containing excellent drawings of the human body, 

 which were executed in 1552, but not discovered and 



