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EVOLUTIONS EWALD. 



his opinion, produce death ; and a shipwright, his 

 opinion as to the sea-worthiness of a ship. 4. The 

 substance only of any particular point or issue of fact 

 need be proved. This gives rise to a great variety 

 of questions, as to the materiality or immateriality of 

 particular circumstances, included in the point at 

 issue ; and upon these questions depends the doctrine 

 of variance in our law. What variance is or is not 

 material, is often matter of great nicety. There may 

 be a variance in the proof of a date, or of some words 

 of a contract, or of the time and place of making it, 

 or, of some other circumstance. But a discussion of 

 this subject cannot be had here without occupying 

 too much space. 5. There are certain things, which 

 courts and judges will judicially take notice of with- 

 out any proof. They will take notice of all public 

 and general laws; of all general customs of the 

 realm ; of the commencement and prorogation of the 

 sessions of the legislature ; of the king, president, 

 governor, &c., of the state; of all the courts of 

 general jurisdiction in the same state ; of the general 

 customs of merchants and trade ; of the ordinary 

 computations of time by the calendar ; of the known 

 civil divisions of the country into counties ; of public 

 holydays and festivals ; of public proclamations, and 

 other public documents of the executive and legisla- 

 tive departments ; of the nations with which we are 

 at peace or at war; of the nations and sovereigns 

 acknowledged by our government ; and of many 

 other facts, which belong to the public proceedings 

 and interests of the country. But of inferior courts 

 of limited jurisdiction, not recognised in public sta- 

 tutes, of local customs and usages, of foreign laws, 

 of peculiar tenures, and, in many instances, of local 

 geographical divisions, not necessarily involved, in 

 the discharge of public duties, judges and courts will 

 not take notice. 



EVOLUTIONS, in tactics, are the movements of 

 a troop, for practice, or in the face of the enemy. 

 They comprehend the formation of columns, marches, 

 &c. (See Manoeuvre.) The movements of a fleet at 

 sea are also-called evolutions. 



EVOLVENTS, in mathematics; curved lines, 

 formed by the evolution of curves. 



EVREMOND, or EVREMONT (CHARLES MAR- 

 GUETEL DE Sx DENIS), lord of St ; born in 1613, at 

 St Denis le Guast; one of the most lively writers of 

 his times, who paid less attention to abstract spe- 

 culations than to the philosophy of social life. He 

 studied law, but subsequently entered the military 

 service, was present at Nordlingen and Freyburg, 

 with the rank of captain, and, in the war of the 

 Spanish succession, was created field-marshal. In 

 society, he was distinguished for his wit and penetra- 

 tion, and retained all his vivacity till his death. He 

 was eminent among the epicurean wits of that time, 

 who soon acquired a powerful influence on French 

 philosophy. For some indiscretions in his conduct 

 and in his writings, he was imprisoned in the Bastile. 

 He afterwards escaped a second arrest only by a 

 flight to England. He died in 1703. His CEuvres 

 melees appeared at Paris, in 1690, in 2 vols. 4to, and 

 at Amsterdam, in 1706, 5 vols. 12mo, and in 1750, 

 12 vols. 12mo. In the most of his works, grace, 

 ease, and vivacity, are the prevailing features. Pro- 

 found views are rarely met with in them. 



EWALD, JOHN, one of the most original Danish 

 poets of modern times, particularly distinguished as a 

 tragic and elegiac poet, was born at Copenhagen, in 

 1743, but was educated in Sleswic, where his father 

 was a preacher. The legends of the saints, which 

 were given him to read, inflamed his imagination. 

 The lot of a missionary, compelled to undergo in- 

 numerable hardships in remote parts of the earth, 

 among heathens and barbarians, excited his spirit ; 



nit the perusal of Robinson Crusoe took such a strong 

 lold of him, that he fled from his father's house in 

 search of a desert island. This step only increased 

 the severity of his father, who, being determined to 

 make a theologian of his son, sent him to Copenha- 

 gen. The constraint imposed on his inclinations, 

 which were fixed on the military profession, now be- 

 came intolerable to the young man ; he ran away a 

 second time, and enlisted in the Prussian service at 

 Flamburg. But, being compelled to join a regiment 

 I artillery at Magdeburg, instead of being attached 

 ;o the hussars, as he had been promised, he deserted 

 the Prussian standard, in the seven years' war, and 

 entered the Austrian service, where he was not only 

 setter treated, but, having distinguished himself on 

 leveral occasions, was promised promotion, on con- 

 dition of embracing the Catholic religion. This 

 Kwald refused; and, being liberated by his family, 

 tie retunied to Copenhagen. He now began to 

 apply himself seriously to theology. But a disap- 

 pointment in love again interrupted his career ; the 

 world and life became odious to him, and he sank 

 nto despondency. He was then twenty-three years 

 old, and was unconscious of the talent slumbering 

 within him. An accident kindled the flame. On 

 the death of Frederic V. of Denmark, he was 

 requested to compose an elegy ; and the general 

 admiration with which it was received roused the 

 ambition of the young man, who now, encouraged by 

 the academy of Copenhagen, protected by BernstortF 

 and Karstens, and assisted with the advice of Klop- 

 stock, then residing in Copenhagen, made rapid pro- 

 gress in his new career, and soon became one of the 

 most eminent lyric and tragic poets of his nation. 

 His Death of Balder, the subject of which is taken 

 from the mythology of the Adda, and his Rolf, a 

 tragedy taken from the ancient history of Denmark, 

 are works which, notwithstanding many defects, bear 

 the impress of true genius ; and several of his odes 

 and elegies are among the best that modern times 

 have produced. The assistance which he received 

 from the government was always insufficient for his 

 support, and he was obliged to earn a trifling addition 

 by occasional poems. Ewald died in poverty, in 

 1781, scarcely thirty-eight years old, having struggled 

 for years with want, and suffering from the gout, 

 which was produced by his irregular manner of life. 

 A beautiful edition of his poems appeared soon after 

 his death, in four volumes. For further information 

 respecting him, see Furst's Brief e uber die Danische 

 Literatur. 



EWALD, JOHN LEWIS, doctor of divinity, and 

 ecclesiastical counsellor, was born in 1748, in the 

 small village of Hayn der drei Eichen (of the Three 

 Oaks), in the principality of Isenburg. After he had 

 finished his studies and acted some time as an 

 instructer, his lord, the prince of Isenburg, appointed 

 him preacher in Offenbach. Subsequently, he received 

 an invitation to Detmold, in Lippe, where he remained 

 till 1781. Having found the schools in a bad state, 

 lie established a seminary for the education of teachers, 

 and did much for the improvement of schools in general. 

 In those times of democracy (1792) ,he published a small 

 essay, Was sollte der Adeljetzt thun? What shall the 

 Nobility do now?) in which he advised them to surren- 

 der many privileges, which ought to have been given up 

 long before. In 1796, he accepted the office of preacher 

 in Bremen, to which he was unanimously elected. 

 He was made doctor of divinity by the theological 

 faculty in Marburg. In Bremen, also, finding the 

 schools in a miserable state, he introduced many 

 improvements hi them, and rendered other important 

 services to the city. After preaching there seven 

 years, finding himself unable to endure the labour of 

 discoursing in the large and frequently crowded 



