EWING EXCAVATIONS. 



121 



church, he accepted, in 1804, an invitation to Heidel- 

 berg, as professor of morals. After two years, he 

 was invited to Carlsruhe (1807), where he died, March 

 19, 1822. Besides his devotional works, he published 

 a periodical called Urania, and, for several years, a 

 Christliche Monatschrifi , with several other works. 

 His works may, perhaps, amount to 100 vols. Many 

 of them have passed through three or four editions ; 

 a 1 have been translated into Dutch, and some into 

 i*' reach. 



EWING, JOHN, an eminent American divine and 

 mathematician, was boni in Cecil county, Maryland, 

 June 22, 1732. His favourite study, from his early 

 youth, was mathematics. In 1754, he joined the 

 senior class at Princeton college, where he officiated, 

 also, as a teacher of the grammar school. He was 

 graduated with his class in 1755, and was appointed 

 a tutor in the college. Having resolved to study 

 divinity, lie returned to Maryland, and was licensed 

 to preach, after finishing his course, by the presby- 

 tery of Newcastle, Delaware. At the age of twenty- 

 six, Mr Ewing was selected to instruct the philosophi- 

 cal classes in the college of Philadelphia. In the 

 year 1759, he undertook the pastoral charge of the 

 first Presbyterian congregation of that city, which he 

 continued to exercise until 1773. In the interval, he 

 collected materials for his excellent Lectures on 

 Natural Philosophy, afterwards published. In the 

 latter year, he was deputed to Great Britain, to solicit 

 subscriptions for an academy, and there he formed 

 an acquaintance with some distinguished men of 

 science. In Scotland, Glasgow, Montrose, Dundee, 

 and Perth presented him with their freedom, and the 

 university of Edinburgh conferred on him the degree 

 of doctor of divinity. In London, lord North, then 

 prime minister, held frequent conferences with him, 

 respecting the dissensions between the colonies and 

 the mother country. It is related that he overcame 

 the prejudices and conciliated the favour of doctor 

 Samuel Johnson, by his agreeable address and 

 colloquial powers. Doctor Ewing returned to his 

 native land in the year 1775. Four years after, he 

 accepted the station of provost of the university of 

 Pennsylvania, which he filled until his death. He 

 became vice-president of the American philosophical 

 society, to whose Transactions he contributed several 

 valuable memoirs. He made important additions to 

 the astronomical articles in the American edition of 

 the Encyclopaedia Britannica. His reputation as a 

 mathematician caused him to be chosen one of the 

 commissioners to run the boundary line of the state 

 of Delaware, and to settle the boundary lines between 

 the states of Massachusetts and Connecticut, and 

 between Pennsylvania and Virginia. Doctor Ewing 

 died, September, 8, 1802, in the 71st year of his age, 

 universally respected for his virtues and knowledge. 

 EXANTHEMATA (eruptions); diseases of the 

 skin, joined with fever, hence called acute, hot erup- 

 tions, to distinguish them from chronical eruptions 

 which are only incidentally accompanied with fever 

 (called, in medical language, impetigines). They 

 include the small pox, measles, scarlet fever, rash, 

 &c. Each has its peculiarities, relating to the 

 manner of its origin, to the form and position of the 

 eruptions, and to the continuance of the disorder. 

 See Small Pox, &c. 



EXARCHATE. When Narses, the general of 

 Justinian, emperor of the East, had entirely subdued 

 the Goths and their allies in Italy (552 554), 

 Justinian formed the middle part of Italy into a 

 province of the Eastern empire, and gave the govern- 

 ment of it to an officer called an exarch. Aistolphus 

 king of the Lombards, conquered Ravenna and the 

 whole exarchate (752); but Pepin, king of the Franks, 

 deprived him of it in 755, and bestowed it on the 



pope, Stephen III. Since this time, Ravenna and its 

 erritory have remained united to the papal dominions. 

 (Vmong the modern Greeks, an exarch is a deputy 

 f the patriarch, who travels about in the provinces, 

 and visits the bishops and churches. 



EX CATHEDRA (Latin; ex, from, and cathedra, 

 rom the Greek *^Jja, chair); a phrase used in 

 speaking of the solemn dictates or decisions of pre- 

 ates, chiefly the popes, delivered in their pontifical 

 capacity. Hence, in common language, the phrase 

 s used for any decision, direction, order, &c.> given 

 with-an air of official authority. 



EXCAVATIONS. The lustory of the regular 

 xplorations under ground, for the ancient remains 

 of Roman art, begins with the edict of pope Leo X., 

 August 27, 1515, appointing Raphael Sanzio super- 

 intendent of antiquities. The words of this edict, 

 and, still more, a report to Leo X., formerly ascribed 

 ,o count Castiglione, but afterwards acknowledged 

 jy Francesconi as the production of Raphael, give 

 the clearest proof of the truly barbarian spirit with 



hich the specimens of antiquity had been treated in 

 Rome. By the regulations and the example of Ra- 

 phael, order was introduced into the midst of this 

 confusion. (See an account of his services in Fior- 

 llo's History of Painting, i. 98 ; and Roscoe's Life 

 of Leo X., chapter 22.) But the ground was still 

 ;oo rich to allow a regular and systematic search to 

 take the place of an indiscriminate, collection of 

 curiosities. Flam. Vacca's excellent Comm. de Monu- 

 mentis Romanis suo et Majorum JEvo deprehensis, in 

 1594, of which Carlo Fea has given an improved 

 edition, in his Miscellanea filologica, critica, et anti- 

 quaria (Rome, 1790, vol. i., page 51 et seq.), is 

 therefore rather an account of accidental discoveries, 

 than of regular excavations. 



The business of excavation was not carried on ex- 

 tensively in Rome until recently. Before this only a 

 few tombs (those of Naso, Scipio, &c.), and some 

 vineyards had been opened. During the government 

 of the French in Italy, the baths of Titus, the arena 

 of the coliseum, the arch of Constantino, and the 

 forum of Trajan, were laid open, either in whole or 

 in part ; and the excavations of the via sacra, of the 

 ground around the temple of peace, and the columns 

 of Phocas were begun, and have been carried on by 

 the direction of the existing government, with a view 

 of clearing the ancient forum entirely from the ruins 

 of centuries. In this forum was found, in 1824, the 

 first mile stone, from which all those upon the high- 

 ways leading from Rome were numbered. In the 

 Campagna dl Roma, the villa of Adrian early at- 

 tracted attention. The excavations at Gabii (1792) 

 are also celebrated. Those at Velia, at Ostia, under 

 the direction of Fea, those at Antium, as well as the 

 examinations at Otricoli and at Friuli, near Udine 

 (1817), have always been productive. Several sta- 

 tues of the muses have lately been found, not far 

 from Monte Calvo, in the Sabine territory ; and, in 

 1826, a temple of Hercules, with statues, was acci- 

 dentally discovered at Brescia. The skilfully con 

 ducted excavations at Herculaneum and Pompeii 

 (see those articles) have been very successful. The 

 resurrection, as it were, of these cities, has encour- 

 aged the zeal of all countries. 



In France, the example of Peiresc has shown anti- 

 quarians how well that country can reward a diligent 

 search. Montfaucon, Caylus, and, recently, Millin, 

 have followed in his steps. In the official reports of 

 the institute, accounts have frequently been given of 

 the discovery of old cities and buildings ; for example, 

 of those at Famars, where vases have been found, 

 with several thousand pieces of money, and two 

 bathing-rooms, with painted walls. In Hungary, the 

 excavations at Sabaria, and, in Germany, those on the 



