EXERCISE EXPANSION. 



read (generally for several weeks) for the soul of the 

 deceased. In the exequies of personages of high 

 rank, and especially of princes, funereal monuments 

 are erected, a solemn piece of music executed (see 

 Requiem), the church is hung with black, and other 

 ceremonies of a similar nature, are performed. 

 EXERCISE. See Gymnastics. 

 EXETER, the capital city of the county of Devon, 

 is situated on the eastern bank of the river Exe, 

 about nine miles north of the English channel, and 170 

 W.S. W. of London. In consequence of the salubrity 

 of its air, the pleasantness of its situation, and the 

 cheapness of its fish, poultry, &c., it has become the 

 residence of many families of easy but moderate for- 

 tune. It was formerly a great emporium of the 

 thinner kinds of woollen goods ; but the trade in these 

 has much decayed of late years. The cathedral of 

 Exeter is a magnificent structure, and, having been 

 erected at different periods, exhibits several varieties 

 of the Norman and pointed styles of architecture. 

 The bishopric includes the counties of Devon and 

 Cornwall. Population in 1831,28,201. Exeter gives 

 the title of marquis to the family of Cecil. 



EXMOUTH, a small town in Devonshire, 166 

 miles W. S. W. of London, which has recently be- 

 come popular as the residence of those suffering 

 under pulmonary complaints. Its population is be- 

 tween 3 and 4000. It gives the title of Viscount to 

 the Pellew family. 



EXHAUSTION. The ancient geometers were 

 entirely unacquainted with the facilities of the higher 

 analysis. The process which they used instead of it, 

 in the comparison of curvilinear figures, curved sur- 

 faces, and round bodies, consisted in bringing the 

 magnitudes into relation with others, to which, it is 

 true, they could not be made entirely equal, but yet 

 so nearly equal that the difference is smaller than any 

 assignable quantity. This was called the process of 

 exhaustion. (See Maclaurin, On Fluxions, the intro- 

 duction of his work). The differential calculus 

 furnishes a much surer and speedier method for at- 

 taining the object. 



EXHIBITION ; a benefaction settled for the bene- 

 fit of scholars in the universities, that are not on 

 the foundation. 



EXILE ; a punishment by which a person is com- 

 pelled to leave the city, province, or even the coun- 

 try, where he has previously resided. It amounts, 

 therefore, to a civil excommunication, or political pro- 

 scription. It is a punishment for state criminals. 

 The ancient republics sometimes exiled men on mere 

 suspicion that they might become dangerous to 

 republican liberty (by the ostracism). In this case, 

 exile was not a punishment, but a measure of pre- 

 caution. Many anticipated the sentence of the 

 judges, and went into voluntary exile. (See Depor- 

 tation. For Babylonian Exile, see Hebrews and 

 Jews). It does not often happen, at present, that real 

 criminals are exiled, as it is felt to be unjust for one 

 state to let loose offenders upon its neighbours. But 

 it sometimes happens, that persons convicted of minor 

 offences are pardoned, on condition of leaving a 

 county or district. 



EXORCISM. An opinion prevailed in the ancient 

 church, that certain persons, those particularly who 

 were afflicted with certain diseases, especially mad- 

 ness and epilepsy (q. v.), were possessed by evil 

 spirits. Over such persons forms of conjuration 

 were pronounced, and this act was called exorcism. 

 There were even certain men who made this a re- 

 gular profession, and were called exorcists. In the 

 third century, an idea began to prevail that heathens 

 and heretics were possessed by demons, and hence 

 exorcism was joined with the act of baptism. Si 

 Augustine's doctrine of original sin having been 



adopted by the church in the fifth century, this cere- 

 mony was used in the baptism of infants. Luther 

 allowed the custom to be retained ; the Calvinistic 

 church early discarded it ; many of the Lutheran 

 clergy, even in the sixteenth century, also disap- 

 proved of it. It continued, however, in the Luth- 

 eran church till modern times, although explained, 

 by saying that it was not an expulsion of Satan, but 

 merely an acknowledgment of innate depravity, and 

 of the necessity of redemption. It is now almost 

 universally done away with among Protestants. The 

 Catholic church has ordinary exorcisms, as those 

 used in baptism and in the benediction of the water, 

 and extraordinary ones, those which are used to 

 deliver possessed persons, to abate storms, to kill 

 obnoxious animals, as the vermin which destroy the 

 fruits of the earth. It is by no means, however, an 

 dea which arose in the Christian church. All the 

 ancient pagans (and, probably, we may say alt 

 jagans) acknowledged the efficacy of exorcism. The 

 Jews likewise did, and the passages of the New 

 Testament are known to every one, which state, 

 that Christ drove evil spirits out of possessed 

 persons. 



EXORCIST. The members of one of the lower 

 orders of Catholic clergy are called by this name. 

 See Dean. 



EXOTERIC. See Esoteric. 

 EXOTIC ; an appellation for the produce of 

 foreign countries. Exotic plants are such as belong 

 to a soil and climate entirely different from the place 

 where they are raised, and therefore can be pre- 

 served for the most part only in green-houses. Ex- 

 otic plants of the hot climates are very numerous, 

 and require the utmost attention of the gardener. 

 Even if they can be brought to blossom, it is rare 

 that they produce fruit, and still more rare that the 

 seeds ripen. It is only by care and accurate obser- 

 vation of their nature and wants, that some of them 

 can be acclimated^ or made to flourish on the foreign 

 soil. 



EXPANSION, in physics, is the enlargement or 

 increase in the bulk of bodies, in consequence of a 

 change in their temperature. (See Caloric.) This 

 is one of the most general effects of heat, being com- 

 mon to all bodies whatever, whether solid or fluid. 

 The expansion of solid bodies is determined by the 

 pyrometer, and that of fluids by the thermometer 

 (see these articles). The expansion of fluids varies 

 considerably, but, in general, the denser the fluid, 

 the less the expansion; thus water expands more 

 than mercury, and spirits of wine more than water; 

 and, commonly, the greater the heat, the greater 

 the expansion ; but this is not universal, for there 

 are cases hi which expansion is produced, not by an 

 increase, but by a diminution of temperature. W ater 

 furnishes us with the most remarkable instance of 

 this kind. Its maximum of density corresponds with 

 42. 5 of Fahrenheit's thermometer ; when cooled 

 down below 42.5, it undergoes an expansion for 

 every degree of temperature which it loses ; and at 

 32, the expansion amounts to T J ff of the whole 

 expansion which water undergoes when heated from 

 42.5 to 212. With this more recent experiments 

 coincide very nearly ; for, by cooling 100,000 parts 

 in bulk of water from 42.5 to 32, they were con 

 verted to 100,031 parts. The expansion of water 

 is the same for any number of degrees above or be- 

 low the maximum of density. Thus, if we heat 

 water 10 above 42 9 .5, it occupies precisely the 

 same bulk as it does when cooled down to 10 degrees 

 below 42. 5. Therefore the density of water at 

 32 and at 53 is precisely the same. Dalton cooled 

 water to the temperature of 5 without freezing, or 

 37. 5 below the maximum point of density; and. 



