134 



FABKONI PACK. 



system of nature, but only to a natural method. 

 He died March 3, 1808. His autobiography may 

 be found in the Kieter Slattern, I. i., 1819. 



FABRONI, ANGELO; a celebrated Italian bio- 

 grapher of the 18th century, born at Marradi, in 

 Tuscany, 1732. He was educated at Rome, in tlie 

 college of Bandinelli, where he studied logic, physics, 

 metaphysics, and geometry, and wrote the life of 

 Clement XII. Being supported and encouraged in 

 his studies, he conceived the idea of writing the lives 

 of the Italian literati of the 17th and 18th centuries, 

 and devoted liimself with the most active zeal to the 

 execution of this work, the first volume of which 

 appeared in 1766. He had many obstacles to en- 

 counter, of which one was the hostility of the Jesuits. 

 He therefore repaired to Florence, where he received 

 the office of a prior from the grand duke Leopold, 

 and divided his time between clerical and literary 

 employments. In 1769, he made a journey to Rome, 

 was well received by pope Clement XIV., and was 

 appointed one of the prelates of the pontifical cham- 

 ber. He returned, however, to Florence, and 

 published Letters of the Learned Men of the 17th 

 century, from the archives of the Medici. In 1773, 

 he was chosen tutor of the grand duke's children. 

 He now found time to renew his biographical labours. 

 He travelled abroad, and visited Vienna, Dresden, 

 and Berlin. In his latter years, he employed himself 

 in theological writings, and died 1803. The best 

 edition of his Lives (Vitaz Italorum Doctrina excel- 

 lentium qui Sceculo XFII. et Will, floruerunt) is the 

 Pisa edition of 177899, 18 vols. The 19th and 

 20th volumes were added after his death, one of 

 them containing his own life up to 1800. This work, 

 containing 167 biographies, is one of the best in its 

 kind. 



FABRONI, GIOVANNI. See Fabbroni. 



FACADE is the outside or external aspect of an 

 edifice. As in most edifices only one side is conspi- 

 cuous, viz., that which faces the street, and usually 

 contains the principal entrance, this has been deno- 

 minated, par eminence, the facade. As a work of 

 architecture, it must form a whole, of which all the 

 parts are properly related and symmetrically ar- 

 ranged, and correspondent to the character or style 

 of the edifice. See Architecture. 



FACCIOLATO, JAMES, an Italian philologist, 

 was born at Torreglia, near Padua, in 1682. The 

 talent discovered by him when a boy caused the 

 cardinal Barbarigo to place him in the seminary at 

 Padua. Here he became, in a few years, doctor in 

 theology, professor of this science as well as of phi- 

 losophy, and, finally, prefect of the seminary and 

 director-general of studies. He devoted the greatest 

 attention to reviving the study of ancient literature ; 

 and, for the promotion of this object, he undertook 

 a new edition of a dictionary in seven languages, 

 which was called the Calepin, from the name or its 

 author, the monk Ambrosius Calepinus. His pupil, 

 Forcellini, assisted him in the undertaking, and the 

 work was completed in two vols. fol., between the 

 years 1715 and 1719. He now, in company with his 

 industrious disciple, conceived the idea of a Latin 

 lexicon, in which every word, with all its significa- 

 tions, should be contained, and illustrated by examples 

 from the classical writers, after the manner of the 

 dictionary of the Crusca. This immense undertaking 

 occupied them both for nearly forty years. Facciolato 

 directed the work, which was almost entirely execu- 

 ted by Forcellini. With the same assistant, and 

 some others, he superintended a new edition of the 

 lexicon of Schrevelius, and the Lexicon Ciceronianum 

 of Nizoli. He left also many Latin discourses, which 

 are characterized by their Ciceronian elegance of 

 style, but differ from their model by a precise brevity. 



He also completed the History of the University of 

 Padua, which had been brought down to 1,740 by 

 Pappadopoli. He died 1769. The lexicon of Fac- 

 ciolato and Forcellini continues to lie the standard 

 lexicon of the Latin language, all the other Latin 

 dictionaries of value liaving been formed chiefly 

 from it. The latest complete edition is that of James 

 Bailey (London, 1828), published by Baldwin and 

 Cradock, and Pickering, in 2 vols. <lto, containing 

 upwards of 3000 pages, with many highly useful 

 appendices. 



FACE, the front part of the head, the seat of 

 most of the senses, is composed of the forehead, the 

 eyelids, and eyebrows, the eyes, the nose, the cheeks, 

 the mouth, the lips, the jaws, the teeth. Beneath the 

 skin, which, in the face, is more delicate, more soft, 

 more sensitive and clear than in other parts, are nu- 

 merous muscles, by which the motions of the skin 

 are produced. They are enveloped in fat. There 

 are, also, a greater number of vessels and nerves in 

 the face than in any other external part. Underneath 

 these is the bony basis, which, exclusive of thirty -two 

 teeth, is composed of fourteen bones, called, in ana- 

 tomy, the bones of the face. The anterior part of the 

 skull (osfrontis) also forms an important feature of the 

 face. Of all these bones, the lower jaw, only, is 

 movable, being articulated with the basis of the skull. 

 The other bones are firmly joined together, and 

 incapable of motion. The character of each indivi- 

 dual is strongly marked by the conformation of the 

 countenance. Physiognomy, therefore, in a certain 

 degree, always has existed. The poetry of early 

 ages contains descriptions of the features of heroes, 

 corresponding to the character of the individual ; 

 and, in ordinary life, every person who engages a 

 servant is influenced by the expression of the coun- 

 tenance. The great question is, how far we can 

 reduce our experience to certain rules. Upon this 

 point, physiognomists and phrenologists have both, 

 we consider, carried their speculations to an absurd 

 length. The latter class, especially, presuming on 

 the generally recognized fact, that a well developed 

 forehead indicates superior intellect, have endea- 

 voured to divide and parcel out the cranium into little 

 cells or boxes, each appropriated to its own faculty 

 or feeling, so that they may be enabled to ascertain, 

 from the size of the cells, the specific character of 

 that intellect. See Phrenology. 



It may be here remarked that the face acquires 

 its expression from bodily habits and actions, 

 and particularly from diseases. The form of the 

 bones produces a great difference in the external 

 appearance of the face, in brutes and in men. The 

 jaws of the former are more projecting, so as to form 

 an acute angle with the forehead ; those of the lat- 

 ter recede in proportion to the prevalence of the 

 human formation and beauty. On this relation of 

 the jaw to the forehead is founded the facial line, 

 discovered by Peter Camper. Suppose a straight line 

 drawn at the base of the skull, from the great occi- 

 pital cavity across the external orifice of the ear to 

 the bottom of the nose. If we draw another straight 

 line from the bottom of the nose, or from the roots of 

 the upper incisors, to the forehead, then both lines 

 will form an angle which will be more acute the less 

 the shape of the face, in brutes, resembles that ol 

 men. In apes, this angle is only from 45 to 60; 

 in the orang outang, 63 ; in the skull of a negro, 

 about 70 ; in a European, from 75 to 85. It is 

 very remarkable, that in the Grecian works of statu- 

 ary, this angle amounts to 90; in the statues of 

 Jupiter, it is 100. 



The following figures represent the fncial angle of 

 six varieties of the human race, all markedly distinct 

 in their character : 



