FACHINGEN-WATER FAGEL. 



135 



Fig. 1 represents the Caucasian or fair variety, 

 to which Europeans belong, and from which have 

 sprung the most civilized nations. It is called Cau- 

 casian, because tradition refers the origin of the 

 people of this race to the Caucasian mountains be- 

 tween the Caspian and the Black Sea. The skull 

 here is chiefly developed in the upper and front 

 parts. Fig. 2 represents the Mongolian or yellow 

 and olive variety, to which belong the Chinese, 

 Japanese, and, generally speaking, most of the na- 

 tions of upper Asia. In this variety the face is 

 broad and flat, and the forehead low and slanting. 

 Fig. 3 represents the skull of a New Hollander, in 

 which the forehead slants greatly, and the whole ap- 

 pearance betrays an approximation to the ourang 

 outang. Fig. 4 represents the native North Ameri- 

 can or copper coloured variety. It seems to form a 

 link between the Caucasian and Mongolian variety, 

 but approximating more to the latter. Fig. 5 repre- 

 sents the skull of a New Zealander, whicli bears a 

 marked superiority over that of the New Hollander. 

 Fig. 6 represents the Negro or black variety, in 

 which the front of the head is laterally compressed 

 and considerably elongated, so that the length of the 

 whole skull from teeth to occiput is great. The nar- 

 row forehead and protruded muzzle give to the negro 

 head the appearance of a decidedly animal character. 



The reader is referred to the article Man, in which 

 the characteristics of the chief varieties of the hu- 

 man race will be found described, accompanied by 

 illustrative plates. 



FACHINGEN-WATER (in German, Fachinger- 

 wasser); a mineral water, from a spring near the vil- 

 lage of Fachingen, in Nassau, Germany, discovered 

 in the middle of the last century. It is not a water- 

 ing place, but the water is sent abroad, and keeps 

 very well. In 1803, not less than 300,000 bottles 

 were sent away. The water is acid, sprightly, sa- 

 line, and very agreeable. 



FACIAL ANGLE. See Face. 



FACSIMILE (from the Latin fac, make, and 

 simile, similar); an imitation of an original in all its 

 traits and peculiarities ; a copy as accurate as possi- 

 hle. Thus facsimiles of old manuscripts, or of the 

 hand-writing of famous men, or of interesting docu- 

 ments, are made in engraving or lithograpliic prints. 

 The object of facsimiles is various ; in the case of 

 old manuscripts, they are intended to show the age 



of the MS. by the nature of the characters. Sre 

 Manuscript. 



FACTOR, in arithmetic, is any number which is 

 multiplied by another : thus 7 and 4 are the factors 

 of 28. They are divided into simple and composite. 

 A simple factor is one which is divisible only by 

 itself. In commerce, a factor is an agent employed 

 by merchants residing in other places, to buy and 

 sell, and to negotiate bills of exchange, or to transact 

 otiier business on their account. Establishments for 

 trade, in foreign parts of the world, are called facto- 

 ries. 



FAENZA (anciently Faventia and Falentid) ; a 

 town in the States of the Church, in Romagna ; 

 twenty miles south-west of Ravenna; Ion. 11 51' 

 E.; lat. 44 18' N.; population, 14,000. It is a 

 bishop's see. It contains a cathedral, twenty-eight 

 parish churches, and twenty convents. It is noted 

 for its potteries (see Faience), and has some manufac- 

 tures of linen. The cathedral stands in the great 

 square, and is adorned with a handsome steeple, five 

 stories high, with balustrades. Near the church 

 there stands a fountain, the basin of which is sup- 

 ported by four fine lions of brass, and surrounded 

 with a wrought iron rail. Torricelli was a native of 

 this place. 



FAGEL ; a Dutch family which has given to the 

 United Provinces a series of able statesmen and war- 

 riors. From 1670 to 1795, the important station of 

 secretary to the states-general was filled by a mem- 

 ber of this family, which has constantly been attached 

 to the Orange party, but always from disinterested 

 and irreproachable motives. 



1. Caspar Fagel was born at Haerlem, 1629, and 

 died 1688. He filled the highest offices, and parti- 

 cularly distinguished by his spirit and firmness, dur- 

 ing the invasion by Louis XIV. With Sir William 

 Temple, he laid the foundation of the peace of Nime- 

 guen, 1678. In the negotiations with France, he 

 resisted all the intrigues and arts of the French 

 ambassador, d'Avaux, and nobly refused a sum 

 of 2,000,000 livres, which d'Avaux offered him 

 to gain him to his interests. Fagel's great tri- 

 umph was the elevation of William III. to the 

 English throne. He prepared the proclamation 

 which William issued on this occasion, and ar- 

 ranged all measures for that enterprise. He died, 

 however, before the intelligence of complete success 

 had arrived. He was never married, and left no 

 property. Concerning his cliaracter, the reader 

 should consult Temple, Wicquefort, and Burnet. 



2. Francis, nephew of Caspar, and son of Henry 

 Fagel, was, like them, secretary to the states-general; 

 born 1659, died 1746. This great statesman's bio- 



fraphy, by Onno Zwier van Haren, was unfortunately 

 urned in the manuscript. 



3. Francis, born 1740, died 1773, was also secre- 

 tary of the states. Francis Hemsterhuis composed 

 a fine eulogy upon him. 



4. Henry, born 1706, and died 1790. He had a 

 principal part in elevating William IV. to the dignity 

 of stadtholder in 1748. 



5. Francis Nicholas, also a nephew of Caspar, 

 entered the military service in 1672, and died 1718, 

 general of infantry in the service of the states-general, 

 and imperial lieutenant field-marshal. He distin- 

 guished himself in the battle at Fleurus, 1690. The 

 famous defence of Mons, 1691, was directed by him. 

 He also displayed great military talent at the siege 

 of Namur, at the capture of Bonn, and in Portugal, 

 1703, in Flanders, 1711 and 1712, and at the great 

 battles of Ramillies and Malplaquet. 



6. Henry, a son of Henry (4), has been ambassa- 

 dor of the king of the Netherlands in London. He 

 has distinguished himself by his attachment to- the 



