162 



FELLOE FELONY. 



invijjoration of the body, and the preservation of the i 

 health, by the size and airiness of the buildings, by 

 providing extensive play-grounds, garden-spots, and 

 work-shops, and assigning regular hours for exercise; 

 by frequent cold bathing, in baths erected for the 

 purpose ; and by the careful regulation of food and 

 sleep, according to the necessities of individuals, 

 under the direction of the physician of the establish- 

 ment. A large number of professors, in every branch, 

 is employed, to meet the intellectual wants of the 

 pupils, and to provide for the separate instruction of 

 those whose capacity or previous education might at 

 any time prevent their entering regular classes. All 

 the best methods of instruction are employed, accord- 

 ing to the nature of the subject and the wants of the 

 individual, without adhering slavishly to any. The 

 fundamental views of Pestalozzi are adopted in many 

 branches, with such modifications as are necessary in 

 their practical application. The utmost watchful- 

 ness is used in moral and religious education, not 

 merely in removing, as much as possible, the influence 

 of bad example, but by the constant supervision and 

 parental care of the children of Fellenberg and a 

 chosen set of coadjutors, formed in the establishment, 

 who exercise the office of educators, and attend the 

 pupils, as friends and monitors, in their studies, their 

 chambers, and their amusements. The development 

 of religious feeling, under the influence of revelation, 

 aided by the cultivation of the taste, and the forma- 

 tion of habits of constant industry, order, and tem- 

 perance, is the means on which they rely for success. 

 The stimulus of rewards and distinctions is never 

 employed ; and complete proof is furnished in this 

 establishment, that the most ardent thirst for know- 

 ledge and the most assiduous habits of study may be 

 produced without resorting to the principle of 

 emulation. In abandoning the use of this powerful 

 stimulus, no rigour or severity has been found 

 necessary. The most mild and paternal system of 

 government has been sufficient to reclaim the 

 numerous outcasts who have been received into the 

 agricultural institution. Only two cases occurred in 

 which expulsion was necessary, in fourteen years ; 

 and severe punishment is not requisite in more than 

 two or three instances in a year. It would only 

 mislead the reader, to attempt to describe, in an 

 article so limited, the admirable combinations of 

 means, by which the great principles we have men- 

 tioned are brought into practical operation. Another 

 great point has been fully established by the experi- 

 ments of Felleuberg that the poor may receive a 

 good practical education at such an institution, 

 without interfering with the usual hours of labour ; 

 and that, if they can be retained to the age of 

 twenty-one, the expense will be entirely repaid. 



We believe no institution exists in Europe, which 

 combines the same variety of objects as Hofwyl. It 

 has given birth, however, to a number of agricultural 

 schools in Switzerland and Germany, directed by its 

 pupils, which are affording similar blessings to the 

 poor. The celebrated colony for the reception oi 

 paupers, at Frederics Oord, in Holland (see Colonies, 

 Pauper), is also under the direction of a person 

 educated at Hofwyl. 



FELLOE; the circular wooden rim, which, with 

 the addition of a nave and spokes, make the wheel 

 of a carriage. 



FELLOWSHIP ; the name of a rule in arithmetic 

 useful in balancing accounts between traders, mer- 

 chants, &c. ; as also in the division of common land, 

 prize-money, and other cases of a similar kind. 

 Fellowship is of two kinds, single and double ; or 

 fellowship without time, and fellowship with time. 



Single Fellowship is when all the moneys have 

 been employed for the same time ; and therefore the 



shares are directly as the stock of each partner. 

 The rule in this case is as follows : As the whole 

 stock : the whole gain or loss : : each man's particu- 

 ar stock : his particular share of the gain or loss. 

 Example. A bankrupt is indebted to A 1000, to 

 to B 2000, to C 3000 ; whereas his whole effects 

 sold but for 1200 : required each man's share. Here 

 the whole debt is 6000 ; therefore 



As 6000 : 1200 



200, A's sliare. 

 400, B's share. 

 600, C's share. 



Double Fellowship is when equal or different stocks 

 are employed for different periods of time. The rule 

 n this case is as follows : Multiply each person's 

 stock by the time it has been engaged ; then say, As 

 he sum of the products : the whole gain or loss : : 

 each particular product : the corresponding share of 

 :he gain or loss.' Example. A had in trade 50 

 for four months, and B 60 for five months, with 

 hich they gained 24 : required each person's par- 

 ticular share. 

 50 X 4 = 200 

 60 X 5 = 300 



*nn- 94 5 20 : g 12s ' A ' s #"" 

 ' '1300: 14 8s. B's gain. 



See Bonnycastle's Arithmetic, and most other authors 

 on this subject. 



FELO DE SE (a felon of himself), in law ; a per- 

 on that, being of sound mind, and of the age of dis- 

 cretion, deliberately causes his own death. The laws 

 have considered voluntary suicide a crime, a*id, as 

 they could not reach the criminal himself to punish 

 him, have inflicted a punishment on his friends and 

 relatives, by ordering that his body should have an 

 ignominious burial. But, as no person of unsound 

 mind is supposed to be capable of committing a 

 crime, provision was made for a trial by a coroner's 

 inquest, or jury, which, being summoned for the pur- 

 pose, pronounced whether the deceased killed him 

 self, and also decided whether he was of sound mind, 

 and capable of being afelo de se, within the meaning 

 of the law. But, as the punishment in this case was 

 strongly repugnant to the feelings of humanity, and 

 the jurors were more disposed to compassionate the 

 relatives of a man who had committed such an act of 

 desperation, than to inflict an additional misfortune 

 upon them, they most frequently, and, indeed, almost 

 uniformly, gave a verdict of insanity, so that it had 

 become a very general sentiment, that the act of deli- 

 berate suicide was itself proof of an unsound mind. 

 Another reason for this proceeding was, that, by the 

 laws of England, afelo de se forfeited all his personal 

 property to the king another punishment on his 

 survivors, which the jurors would very naturally be 

 led, by the same sentiments of humanity, to avert. 

 The law was, accordingly, for the most part, inoper- 

 ative, as well as inhuman and unjust, and legislators 

 have recently begun to expunge it from the modern 

 codes. 



FELONY, in law, includes generally all capital 

 crimes below treason. It is a word of feudal origin, 

 and is supposed by Spelman to have been derived 

 from the Teutonic words fee and Ion (price), and 

 meaning the price of the fee, and, accordingly, was 

 applied to those crimes which were punished by for- 

 feiture of lands ; so that the crime would, in the com- 

 mon expression, be as much as a man's fee was 

 worth. The term is now applied to some acts for 

 which capital punishment is not inflicted ; as suicide 

 is called a felony, and the self-murderer afelon. though 

 it is an offence for which, from the nature of the case, 

 the felon himself could never be punished. The term 

 is generally used, however, to signify crimes which 

 are punished with death. 



