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FRANCIS II. FRANCIS I. 



the union of the Protestant princes of Germany 

 against the emperor prevented him from following up 

 his success, and inclined him to a peace, which was 

 concluded at Crespi, in 1544. Charles resigned all 

 la's claims on Burgundy. Two years after, peace 

 was made with England. Shortly after (March, 

 1547), Francis died of that disease which had been 

 introduced into Europe by the discovery of America, 

 and which was then considered incurable. 



Francis I. possessed a chivalric and enterprising 

 spirit. His generosity, clemency, and love of letters 

 might liave rendered France happy, had he been 

 content to reign in peace. His protection of letters 

 and the arts has caused many of his defects to be 

 overlooked by posterity. He lived at the period of 

 the revival of learning, and transplanted into France 

 the remains which had survived the iall of the Greek 

 empire. The arts and sciences first began to exercise 

 a salutary influence on the character and manners 

 of the French during his reign. In 1534, he sent 

 Jacques Cartier on a voyage of discovery from St Malo 

 to America, the result of which was the discovery of 

 Canada. Francis established the royal college, and 

 laid the foundation of the library of Paris. Not- 

 withstanding his many wars, and other great ex- 

 penses, he left a flourishing treasury without debts. 



FRANCIS II., king of France, son of Elenry II. 

 and Catharine of Medici, born at Fontainebleau, Ja- 

 nuary 19, 1544, ascended the throne, on the death of 

 his father, July 10, 1559. The year previous, he had 

 married Mary Stuart, only child of James V., king of 

 Scotland. During his short reign of seventeen 

 months, v^ere sown the seeds of those evils whicli 

 afterwards desolated France. The uncles of his wife, 

 Francis duke of Guise and the cardinal of Lorraine, 

 held the reins of government. The latter stood at 

 the head of the clergy, and had charge of the finan- 

 ces. The former had the direction of military affairs ; 

 and both used their power solely as a means of gra- 

 tifying their pride and avarice. Antony of Bourbon, 

 king of Navarre, and his brother Louis, prince of 

 Conde, provoked that two strangers should govern 

 the kingdom, while the princes of the blood were 

 removed from the administration, united with the 

 Calvinists to overthrow the power of the Guises, who 

 were the protectors of the Catholics. Ambition was 

 the cause of the quarrel, religion the pretext, and 

 the conspiracy of Amboise the first symptom of the 

 civil war. The war broke out in March, 1560. The 

 prince of Conde was the secret soul, and La Renau- 

 die the ostensible leader. The prince of Conde, as 

 the head of the Calvinists, was already condemned 

 to die by the hands of the executioner, when Francis 

 II., who was of a feeble constitution, and had long 

 been out of health, died, December 5, 1560, at the 

 age of eighteen years, leaving the kingdom loaded 

 with debt, and a prey to all the miseries of civil war. 



FRANCIS I., STEPHEN, eldest son of Leopold 

 duke of Lorraine, emperor of Germany, was born in 

 1708. In 1723 he went to Vienna, and was invested 

 with the Silesian duchy of Teschen. On the death 

 of his father, in 1729, he succeeded to the duchies of 

 Lorraine and Bar, of which, however, he did not long 

 retain possession. In 1733, Stanislaus Lesczinsky 

 was chosen king of Poland, on the death of, Frederic 

 Augustus of Saxony ; but, being expelled from that 

 kingdom, his son-in-law, Louis XV., demanded from 

 the emperor who had been his principal antagonist, 

 an indemnification for him. As France had long 

 laid claims to Lorraine, and repeatedly rendered 

 herself mistress of it, it was stipulated, in the pre- 

 liminary peace of Vienna, 1735, that the duke of 

 Lorraine should cede that country to king Stanislaus, 

 and, on his death, to France for ever ; and that, in 

 return, he should succeed to the grand duchy of 



Tuscany, on the death of the grand duke, John 

 Gasto, the last of the Medici. This took place in 1737. 

 In 1736, Francis had married Maria Theresa, daughter 

 of the emperor Charles VI. He was appointed 

 general field-marshal and generalissimo of the im- 

 perial armies, and, in 1738, with his brother Charles 

 commanded the Austrian armies, in Hungary, against 

 the Turks. After the death of Charles VI. (1740), 

 he was declared by his wife co-regent of all the 

 hereditary states of Austria, but without being per- 

 mitted to take any part in the administration. After 

 the death of Charles VII., he was elected emperor 

 in 1745, notwithstanding some opposition, and 

 crowned at Frankfort, October 4. He died at Inn- 

 spruck, August 18, 1765. For the memorable 

 events of his twenty years' reign, see Theresa, Maria. 



FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP, one of the many political 

 writers to whom the authorship of Junius has been 

 ascribed, was the son of the translator of Horace, 

 and born in Ireland, in 1740. He was educated 

 partly under his father, and afterwards at St Paul's 

 school ; on leaving which he became a clerk in the 

 secretary of state's office. In 1760, he went out to 

 Portugal with the British envoy ; and, on his return, 

 he obtained the situation of clerk in the war-office, 

 under lord Barrington. He was dismissed, or 

 relinquished the post, in consequence of a quarrel 

 with that nobleman ; and, in 1773, he went to the 

 East Indies, where he became a member of the 

 council of Bengal. He now distinguished himself by 

 his opposition to the measures of governor Hastings, 

 in which he seems to have been influenced by per- 

 sonal animosity, the violence of whicli at length 

 occasioned a duel, in whicli Mr Hastings was wound- 

 ed. In 1781, Mr Francis returned to England, and, 

 shortly after, was chosen member of parliament for 

 the borough of Yarmouth, in the Isle of Wight. In 

 the house of commons, he joined the ranks of opposi- 

 tion ; and, on the impeachment of Mr Hastings, 

 though his name did not appear as a manager of the 

 proceedings against that gentleman, yet he actively 

 supported them on every occasion. He came into 

 office with the Whig administration. He died in 

 1818. He published several political pamphlets, and 

 the authorship of the famous Letter of Junius has 

 been attributed to him upon very plausible evidence. 

 See ' The Identity of Junius with a distinguished liv- 

 ing character established,' London, 1816, 8vo. A 

 review of this work appeared in No. 57 of the Edin- 

 burgh Review, in which very strong evidence is 

 adduced in support of the hypothesis of Sir Philip 

 Francis being the author of Junius. The evidence 

 consists chiefly in the coincidence of dates with Sir 

 Philip's residence in England and the publication of 

 the letters of Junius in his connexion with the war- 

 office with which Junius evinces a peculiar acquaint- 

 ance in the personal friendships of Sir Philip in 

 the peculiarities of phrases common to both in the 

 resemblance of the hand-write and in the cessation of 

 the letters of Junius immediately on Sir Philip being 

 appointed to a seat in the supreme council in India. 

 Sir Philip, we believe, disavowed the authorship, but 

 upon no one has it yet been more satisfactorily fixed. 



FRANCIS I., JOSEPH CHARLES (formerly, when 

 emperor of Germany, called Francis II.), emperor 

 of Austria, king of Hungary, Bohemia, Galicia, Lo- 

 doroiria, of Lombardy, and Venice, &c. , archduke of 

 Austria, &c., was born February 12, 1768. He was 

 the son of the emperor Leopold II. and Maria Louisa, 

 daughter of Charles III., king of Spain. He suc- 

 ceeded his father in the hereditary states of Austria, 

 March 1, 1792, and was crowned king of Hungary, 

 June 6, 1792, emperor, July 14, 1792, and king of 

 Bohemia, August 5 of the same year. France hav- 

 ing been declared an empire (May 18, 1804), he as- 



