GALENISTS GALILEE. 



345 



working of which constitutes almost the only occupa- 

 tion of the inhabitants. In the year 1829, lead to 

 the amount of 12,000,000 pounds was taken from 



GALENISTS. See Anabaptists. 



GALIANI, FERDINAND, an Italian abbe, cele- 

 brated for his wit and writings, was born in the year 

 1728, at Chieti, in the kingdom of Naples, where his 

 father, a nobleman, was assessor of the royal court of 

 justice. He was educated under the care of his 

 uncle, the archbishop of Tarentum, and applied to 

 the study of the law. A humorous collection of verses, 

 on the death of the public executioner, in ridicule 

 of the custom of thus celebrating the death of eminent 

 persons by the academy Degli Emuli, first made him 

 known as a writer. This was not long after fol- 

 lowed by his celebrated work Trattata delta Moneta, 

 which was published in the year 1750. He soon 

 after, by the desire of pope Benedict XIV., under- 

 took a collection of specimens of the various matter 

 thrown up by Mount Vesuvius ; a catalogue of which 

 was published in 1772. This collection he sent to 

 the pope, and on one of the boxes was inscribed, 

 Beatissime pater, fac ut lapides isti panes fiant 

 (Holy father, command that these stones be made 

 bread); the pope took the hint, and gave him a living 

 of 400 ducats per annum. In 1759, he was appointed 

 secretary to the French embassy, and soon took a 

 leading part among the wits and eminent men of 

 Paris. During his residence in France, he composed 

 Annotations upon Horace, and Dialogues on the 

 Corn Trade, written in opposition to the policy of 

 the free exportation of corn, then recently adopted 

 with a view to encourage agriculture. On his re- 

 turn to Naples, in 1779, he kept up a correspondence 

 with the most distinguished men of France ; and 

 their manuscript letters form nine thick volumes in 

 4to. He died, loaded with honours and offices, and 

 possessed of very general esteem, on the 30th Oct., 

 1787, in his fifty-ninth year. Besides the works al- 

 ready mentioned, he is the author of Treatises on the 

 innate Propensities or Inclinations of Men, or, the 

 Principles of the Laws of Nature and Nations, de- 

 duced from the Poems of Horace ; on the Duties of 

 Princes to other belligerent Powers ; and on the 

 Neapolitan Dialect. 



GALICIA and LODOMIRIA, a kingdom of the 

 Austrian monarchy, is bounded on the W/by Austrian 

 Silesia, on the N. and E. by Poland, and on the S. 

 by Hungary. These two countries were duchies, 

 at first dependent on Hungary, and afterwards be- 

 longing to Poland, until they fell to Austria, on the 

 infamous partition of Poland, in 1772, and, with 

 other provinces, formerly belonging to Little Po- 

 land, were erected into a kingdom. In 1786, the 

 Bukowina, which had belonged to Austria since 

 1777, was added. By the peace of Vienna, in 

 1809, Austria ceded to Saxony all Western or 

 New Galicia, a district round the city of Cracow, 

 and the circle of Zamoski, in East Galicia (20,000 

 square miles, with 1,470,024 inhabitants); to Russia 

 she ceded 3500 square miles of Old Galicia, with 

 400,000 inhabitants. The peace of Paris of 1814 

 restored things, for the most part, to their former 

 state. At present, the country comprises 32,500 

 square miles, with 4,075,000 inhabitants. The capi- 

 tal is Lemberg. The soil is mostly fertile, and pro- 

 duces grain for export, though agriculture is in a 

 rude state. Honey and wax constitute articles of 

 trade. Black cattle are raised in great numbers, 

 and the horses are valued for their swiftness and 

 hardiness. The horses of the Bukowina are parti- 

 cularly excellent for light cavalry. Buffaloes, wolves, 

 bears, game of all kinds, particularly hares, are the 

 wild animals of the country ; there are also beavers., 



which here live a wandering life. The cochineal 

 insect is found, and used for dyeing scarlet. Salt is 

 the most important mineral. It is found in all the 

 mountainous tracts, and is obtained from mines and 

 salt springs. Iron is also found in most of the 

 mountains, but the ore is not very rich. The river 

 Bistricza contains gold. Flints of a fine quality 

 and mineral waters are found in different parts of 

 the country. The country is divided into nineteen 

 circles. The government is administered by the 

 " Galician chancery." Lemberg is the seat of the 

 provincial government and of a court of appeal. 

 Estates have existed in Galicia since 1775, composed 

 of nobles and deputies of the largest cities. The 

 clergy does not form a separate estate, bishops and 

 abbots being comprised in the noble estate. The 

 estates have the right of imposing the taxes demanded 

 by the emperor, and of making representations to the 

 government. Seventeen arch-offices have been 

 erected for the higher nobility. The manufactures 

 are not important. The established religion is the 

 Catholic. An archbishop resides at Lemberg. There 

 are great numbers of Greeks and Armenians, and 

 Jews, who have a high rabbi. The Lutherans, who 

 have here been called Dissidents, from the time when 

 the country belonged to Poland, have a superintend- 

 ent at Lemberg. There is a university in Lemberg, 

 a lyceum in Zamoski, and six gymnasiums in the 

 principal cities. 



GALICIA (anciently, Calleecia) ; a province of 

 Spain, bounded N. and W. by the sea, E. by Astu- 

 ria and Leon, and S. by Portugal, from which it is 

 separated by the river Minho. The soil in general 

 is unequal, and the country mountainous, with some 

 small plains on the sea coast. It contains sixty-four 

 cities and towns, but few considerable ones, 3242 

 parishes, five cathedral chapters, and five collegiate 

 chapters, ninety-eight convents and several abbeys. 

 Santiago is the capital of the province. The other 

 principal towns are Compostella, Corunna, Lugo, 

 Orense, Ferrol, and Vigo. Square miles, 16,736. 

 Delaborde gives the number of inhabitants, in 1807, 

 as 1,345,800, and Minano estimates them, in 1826, 

 at 1,795,199. The inhabitants are styled Gallegos, 

 and are remarkable for their quiet and hospitable 

 disposition, and simplicity of manners, their courage 

 and industry. As a very large portion of the soil 

 belongs to the clergy and nobility, great numbers of 

 the Galicians go to the large cities of Spain and Por- 

 tugal to earn a subsistence as labourers. The name 

 is derived from the Callaici, an ancient tribe, who 

 inhabited the country, and opposed a gallant resist- 

 ance to the Romans, and, in 714, to the Moors. In 

 1060, this province was erected into a kingdom, by 

 Ferdinand the Great, king of Leon and Castile ; but 

 the inhabitants in the mountains paid little respect 

 to the royal authority. In 1474, in the reign of 

 Ferdinand V., it was made a province of Spain, re- 

 taining the title of a kingdom. 



GALILEE, in the time of our Saviour, the most 

 northern province of Palestine, bounded on the E. 

 by the river Jordan, on the S. by Samaria, on the 

 W. by the Mediterranean sea and Phoenici%, and on 

 the N. by Syria and the mountains of Lebanon, was 

 inhabited mostly by poor fishermen. As the cradle 

 of Christianity, this small country has a general in- 

 terest. Here lay Nazareth, in which Jesus was edu- 

 cated ; here flowed the Jordan, on whose banks he 

 began his ministry and collected together his disci- 

 ples ; here was Cana, where he performed his first 

 miracle ; and Capernaum, on the lake of Tiberias, 

 which often saw him within its walls ; and Nain, 

 where he raised the young man to life ; here lay the 

 hill on which he delivered the precepts called the 

 sermon on the mount (the height is now called the 



