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GALL GALLERY. 



Gall-Bladder, called veticula and cystls fellea, is 

 usually of the shape of a pear, and the size of a small 

 hen's egg. It is situated on the concave side of the 

 liver, and lies upon the colon, part of which it tinges 

 with its own colour. It is composed of four mem- 

 branes, or coats the common, the vesicular, the 

 muscular, and the nervous one, which last is of a 

 wrinkled or reticulated surface within, and furnished 

 with an unctuous liquor. The use of the gall-bladder 

 is to collect the bile secreted in the liver, and, mixing 

 with it its own peculiar produce, to perfect it far- 

 ther, to retain it a certain time, and then to expel it. 



GALL, in natural history, denotes any protuber- 

 ance or tumour produced by the puncture of insects 

 on plants and trees of different kinds. Galls are of 

 various forms and sizes, and no less different with 

 regard to their internal structure. Some have only 

 one cavity, and others a number of small cells com- 

 municating with each other. Some are as hard as 

 the wood of the tree they grow on, others are soft 

 and spongy. The first are termed gall-nuts, and the 

 latter berry-galls or apple-galls. Oak-galls, put into 

 a solution of vitriol in water, give it a purple colour, 

 which, as it grows stronger, becomes black ; and on 

 this property depends the art of making our writing 

 ink and black dyes. 



GALL-FLY (cynips, L.). The innumerable and 

 curious excrescences which are seen on the leaves, 

 branches, and roots of trees, are all the productions 

 of different kinds of insects. Some of these excres- 

 cences have within a single cavity, in which several 

 insects live together. Others have a number of 

 small cells, with communications between them ; 

 others again have numerous distinct cavities. These 

 productions are of various sizes, form, and consist- 

 ence, some being spongy, and others, like the gall- 

 nut, extremely hard. A 11 these apparently monstrous 

 productions are occasioned by the puncture of insects 

 when depositing their eggs. The ancient opinion 

 concerning the animals found in these receptacles 

 was, that they were spontaneously produced from the 

 rotten wood. Afterwards it was believed that the 

 roots of plants had the power of sucking up, with 

 the sap, the eggs of insects, and that these were ani- 

 mated as soon as they arrived in a proper situation. 

 There are a multitude of insects which form these 

 excrescences, the principal of which is the cynips. 

 That which attacks the oak is of a burnished brown 

 colour, with black antenna, and chestnuUbrown legs 

 and feet. The wings are wliite. It is small and 

 hymenopterous. The species of oak is shrubby, in- 

 habiting Syria and Asia Minor. The excrescences 

 are called gall nuts. The insect is described and 

 figured, in Olivier's Travels, under the name of 

 diplolepis gallee tinctorice. Like others of the genus, 

 the female pierces a branch, and deposits an egg in 

 the interior, around which, in the course of a few 

 days, an excrescence is thrown out, affording nour- 

 ishment to the young insect, and protecting it from 

 external injury until it has attained its full size, when, 

 after having undergone metamorphosis, it penetrates 

 the sides of the excrescence, and comes out into the 

 open air. The oak which bears the gall-nut of com- 

 merce (guercus infectoria) does not attain a greater 

 height than four or five feet, and usually has very 

 numerous straggling branches. The leaves are ob- 

 long, sinuate, mucronate-dentate, and smooth on both 

 sides. The acorns are elongated, and sessile or sub- 

 sessile. The galls are hard, woody, and heavy, about 

 the size of a marble, usually round, and studded with 

 protuberances. Those which are gathered before 

 the departure of the insect are most esteemed, and 

 have a bluish colour. The whitish are cheapest, and 

 are sometimes dyed blue, but the deception may be 

 detected by the hole made by the insect in its exit. 



Gall-nuts are powerfully astringent, and are fro- 

 quently employed iti medicine, as also in dyeing and 

 making ink. An infusion is an excellent test of 

 iron. They are imported from Smyrna, Tripoli, and 

 other places in the Levant, especially from Aleppo, 

 to which place they are brought by the Curds from 

 the western bank of the Tigris. 



GALL-NUTS. See Gall Fly. 



GALL-STONES ; calculous concretions frequently 

 formed in the gall bladder, and sometimes occasion- 

 ing great pain in their passage through the ducts 

 into the duodenum, before they are evacuated. Gall- 

 stones often occur in the inferior animals, particu- 

 larly in cows and hogs ; but the biliary concretions 

 of these animals have not hitherto been examined 

 with much attention. Soaps have been proposed as 

 solvents for these calculi. The academy of Dijon 

 has published the success of a mixture of essence of 

 turpentine and ether. 



GALLAND, ANTHONY, an able Oriental scholar, 

 was born of humble parentage, at Rollot, in Picardy, 

 in 1646. Colbert employed him to travel on the 

 account of government, and his zeal and industry are 

 evinced by several treatises published by him on his 

 return, illustrative of the manners and customs of the 

 Mohammedan empire and religion. He was well 

 versed in antiquarian research, and published a 

 learned treatise on medals and coins ; but the work 

 by which he is principally known, is his curious col- 

 lection of Arabic romances, published by him, under 

 the title of the Arabian Nights' Entertainments a 

 work which has gone through a variety of editions 

 in every language of Europe. His other writings 

 are an Account of the Death of Sultan Osman, and 

 the Coronation of his Successor ; a Treatise on 

 Coffee ; and a Selection of the most approved Apho- 

 risms and Jeux <T Esprit to be found in the Works of 

 Oriental Authors. M. Galland was elected profes- 

 sor of Arabic in the university of Paris, and a mem- 

 ber of the academy of inscriptions. His death took 

 place in 1715, while he was engaged on a translation 

 of the Koran, which he did not live to complete. 



GALLANTRY. In the times when almost all 

 individuals of the non-labouring classes were either 

 clergymen or warriors, and when chivalry fostered 

 alike valour and devotion to the female sex, it was 

 natural that the same word, gallant, should have re- 

 ceived the double meaning of brave, and attentive to 

 the ladies. Besides, the bravest in battle is always 

 the mildest towards the defenceless. But, when the 

 respect for ladies, which chivalry cultivated, dege 

 nerated more and more into frivolous attentions, the 

 word gallantry, though always retaining the mean- 

 ing of bravery, also acquired a bad sense. In Eng- 

 lish, it is often used in the worse signification. In 

 German, however, it means only great attention to 

 ladies, or a desire to please them. 



GALLATES ; salts formed by the gallic acid with 

 alkaline earths or metallic bases. 



GALLEON ; formerly a kind of vessels of war, 

 used by the Spaniards and Portuguese, with from 

 three to four decks. They are no longer in use. In 

 more recent times, those vessels were called galleons, 

 in which the Spaniards transported treasure from 

 their American colonies. The merchants engaged 

 in this transportation were called galleonists. 



GALLERY, in architecture; a long, narrow 

 room, the width of which is at least three times less 

 than its length, by which proportion it is distinguished 

 from a saloon. Corridors (q. v.) are sometimes also 

 called galleries. Galleries are not destined to be 

 occupied as sitting rooms, but for dancing, music, 

 dining on festival occasions ; and are generally de- 

 corated with pictures in oil or fresco. Galleries have 

 sometimes been built merely to receive collections of 



