GALLEY. 



pictures, or to give n painter an opportunity for fresco 

 paintings. Hence a large collection of pictures, 

 even if contained in several adjoining rooms, is called 

 a gallery. The first gallery was established by 

 Verres, the well known spoiler of Sicily. Cicero 

 describes it. It contained, among other beautiful 

 works of art, a statue of Jupiter Oilfhs, (the dispenser 

 of favourable winds); the Diana Segestes, a grand 

 and beautiful statue of bronze, veiled, bearing a 

 quiver on her shoulder, holding a bow in her right 

 hand, and a lighted torch in her left ; Apollo and 

 Hercules, the works of Myron ; a Cupid by the hand 

 of Praxiteles ; a Sappho in bronze by Silanion ; and 

 the famous flute-player Aspendus. It also contained 

 a splendid collection of vases, patera, &c., of gold 

 and silver, decorated with costly gems and engraved 

 stones. The pictures were of equal value and rarity, 

 the tapestries embellished with rich borders of gold, 

 and every part of the gallery enriched with all the 

 splendour that art and wealth could bestow. In 

 modern Europe, the gallery founded by Cosmo II., 

 in Florence (q. v.), was long considered as the most 

 distinguished. At present, the galerie du Louvre, 

 at Paris, is the finest in the world, though, in 1815, 

 it was stripped of many works of art, retaken by the 

 different nations from whom they had been plundered. 



Gallery ; a balcony, projecting from the stern or 

 quarter of a ship of war, or of a large merchantman. 



Gallery, in fortification ; a covered walk across the 

 ditch of a town ; and, as a mine, it is a narrow pas- 

 sage from one part of the mine to another. 



GALLEY ; a kind of low, flat-built vessel, fur- 

 nished with one deck, and navigated with sails and 

 oars, particularly in the Mediterranean. The largest 

 sort of these vessels, called galleasses, were formerly 

 employed by the Venetians. .They were about 162 

 feet long above, and 133 feet by the keel, 32 feet 

 wide, and 23 feet length of stern-post. They were 

 furnished with tliree masts, and 32 banks of oars, 

 each bank containing two oars, and every oar being 

 managed by six or seven slaves, who were usually 

 chained to it. In the fore part, they had three small 

 batteries of cannon, viz. two 36-pounders, two 24- 

 pounders, and two 2-pounders. They had also three 

 18-pounders on each quarter, and carried from 1000 

 to 1200 men. The galleys next in size to these are 

 called half-galleys, and are from 120 to 130 feet long, 

 18 feet broad, and 9 or 10 feet deep. They have 

 two masts, which may be struck at pleasure, and are 

 furnished with two large lateen sails, and five pieces 

 of cannon. They have commonly 25 banks of oars, 

 as described above. A size still less than these are 

 called quarter galleys, carrying from 12 to 16 banks 

 of oars. They generally keep close under the shore, 

 but sometimes venture out to sea to perform a sum- 

 mer cruise. In France are 40 galleys for the use of 

 the Mediterranean, the arsenal for which is at Mar- 

 seilles. These galleys, in France, resemble the 

 hulks of Britain, in which the convicts labour and are 

 confined. 



The war galleys of the Romans were called naves 

 longee, because they were of a longer shape than 

 ships of burden, (naves onerarice, XxaS<;, whence 

 hulks ; or arcae, barks,) which were more round and 

 deep. The ships of war were driven chiefly by oars, 

 the ships of burden by sails, and, as they were more 

 heavy, and sailed more slowly, they were sometimes 

 towed after the war ships. The first ships of war 

 were probably built from the model of those of Anti- 

 urn, which, after the reduction of that place, were 

 brought to Rome in the year of the city 417. It was 

 not, however, till the first punic war that they made 

 any figure at sea. 



The following cuts represent galleys of war and 

 galleys of merchandise. 



Navis Longa. 



Navis Oneraria. 



Their war galleys were variously named from their 

 rows or ranks of oars. Those which had two rows 

 or tiers were called biremes; three, triremes; four, 

 quadrir ernes; five, quinqueremes or penteres. 



It unfortunately happens that no detailed account 

 or explicit evidence has come down to us, whereby 

 the mode in which the banks of oars were arranged 

 might be satisfactorily ascertained ; the only source 

 of information being the mere casual allusions of his- 

 torians and poets, who have naturally avoided to 

 encumber their narration with technical details of 

 construction. Upon Trajan's column, indeed, vessels 

 are sculptured, supposed to be those of two and three 

 banks of oars ; but the figures and mechanical pro- 

 portions upon it are so confused and crowded that 

 nothing can be safely determined from this authority. 

 So also, in the rostrated column of Duilius, erected 

 to commemorate his naval victory over the Cartha- 

 ginians, and discovered about two centuries and a 

 half ago at Rome, only the beaks of galleys are pro- 

 jected from the shaft of the pillar, and no part of the 

 banks of oars is exhibited. Several paintings of 

 ancient vessels have likewise been discovered in the 

 ruins of Herculaneum, but so much effaced that no- 

 thing can be gathered from them to throw any light 

 on the subject. In the absence, therefore, of all 

 direct evidence, recourse has been necessarily had to 

 conjecture. 



The form of vessels of one bank of oars may be 

 readily imagined ; but the construction of the nume- 

 rous class of galleys of more than one bank, is a 

 point fruitful of conjectures and perplexities. After 

 stating insuperable objections to the various solutions 

 of these difficulties that have been proposed by Vos- 

 sius, Savile, Melville, and others, Mr Howell, in his 

 ingenious "Essay on the War Galleys of the An- 

 cients," advances the following theory. After de- 

 tailing the inconveniences which would be found in 

 the early war galleys of a single arrangement of oars 

 occupying the whole vessel's length, and neither 

 leaving a deck for the soldiers to fight upon, nor 

 admitting of a commanding height whence to dis- 

 charge their missiles, he proceeds to unfold the idea 

 which, according to his supposition, must have struck 

 the Erythraeans, who are generally admitted to have 

 been the first to substitute galleys of two banks for 

 the old ones of a single tier. Suppose a vessel of the 

 original form, pulling twenty oars, ten on each side 

 thus: 



