364 



GARDINER GARLIC. 



The art of gardening, like every oilier art, is mani- 

 fold ; and one of its first principles, as in architec- 

 ture, is to calculate well the means and the objects. 

 Immense cathedrals and small apartments, long epics 

 and little songs, a.l may be equally beautiful and per- 

 tt % t, but can only be made so by a proper regard to 

 the. character of each. Thus the climate, the extent 

 of the grounds, the soil, &c., must determine the 

 character of a garden. Aikin justly observes, that 

 nothing deviates more from nature, than the imita- 

 tion of her grand works in miniature. All decep- 

 tion ceases at the first view, and the would-be mag- 

 nificent garden appears like a mere baby house. 

 Let the character of the agreeable, the sublime, the 

 awful, the sportive, the rural, the neat, the romantic, 

 the fantastic, predominate in a garden, according to 

 the means which can be commanded. This is not so 

 easy as might appear at first, and it requires as much 

 skill to discover the disposition which should be made 

 of certain grounds, as to carry it into effect ; but if 

 such skill were not required, gardening would not be 

 an art. Another principle, which gardening has in 

 common witli all the fine arts, is, that it is by no 

 means its highest aim to imitate reality, because 

 reality will always be better than imitation. A gar- 

 dener ought to study nature, to learn from her the 

 principles and elements of beauty, as the painter is 

 obliged to do ; but he must not stop there. As an- 

 other general remark, we would observe, that the 

 true style of gardening lies between the two extremes. 

 It is by no means a reproach to a garden, that it 

 shows the traces of art, any more than it is to a 

 drama. Both, indeed, should follow nature ; but in 

 respect to the fine arts, there is a great difference 

 between a free following of nature and a servile copy 

 of particular realities. Tieck, in his Phantasien, 

 does not entirely reject the French system ; at least, 

 he defends the architectural principle as one of the 

 principles of the art of gardening. 



There are many works of great merit on garden- 

 ing, of which we only mention Descriptions des nou- 

 veaux Jardins de la France, &c., by La Borde 

 (Paris, 1808 to 1814), the most complete for descrip- 

 tions ; Loudon's Encyclopaedia of Gardening, 5th 

 edit. (London. 1827); Handbuch der schonen Garten- 

 kunst, by Dietrich (Giessen, 1815) ; Hirschfeld's 

 Theorie der Gartenkunst (Leipsic, 1779), 5 vols., 4to, 

 with many engravings, a work of very great merit, 

 oiid still of considerable use; Lebon Jardinier, Alma- 

 nach pour I'Annee 1830, edited by A. Poiteau (Paris), 

 1022 pages. See the article Horticulture. 



GARDINER, JAMES, a Scottish military officer in 

 the reign of George II., was born in 1688, at Carri- 

 den, Linlithgowshire, and entered the army at the 

 age of fourteen. On the breaking out of the Scottish 

 rebellion of 1745, Gardiner commanded a regiment 

 of dragoons, and fell at Prestonpans. A singular 

 story is told, by his biographer, Doddridge, of his 

 sudden conversion from a licentious course of life, 

 by the accidental perusal of a Calvinistic treatise, 

 entitled Heaven taken by Storm. He is also said to 

 have received a supernatural intimation of his own 

 approaching death. 



GARDINER, STEPHEN; an English prelate, in the 

 reigns of Henry VIII., Edward VI., and queen 

 Mary. He was the natural son of Lionel Woodville, 

 bishop of Salisbury, was born in 1483, at St Ed- 

 mund's Bury, Suffolk, and received his education at 

 Trinity hall, Cambridge. In 1520, he succeeded 

 to the headship of the society to which he belonged, 

 but soon after left the university, and attached him- 

 self to the Howard family. He then entered the 

 service of Wolsey, and soon ranked high in the favour 

 if his master, and consequently, in that of the court. 

 In 1527, he was intrusted with the negotiations at. 



the papal court, respecting the king's divorce from 

 Catharine of Arragon ; and, although unsuccessful 

 in his mission, his exertions were rewarded with the 

 archdeaconries of Norwich and Leicester, in succes- 

 sion, and the appointment of secretary of state. His 

 devotion to the king now got the better of his alle- 

 giance as a churchman to the pope, and he not only 

 did all in his power to facilitate his designs with 

 respect to the queen, whose divorce he signed, but 

 on Henry's abjuring the supremacy of the pontiff, 

 and declaring himself head of the church, he was 

 supported by Gardiner, newly created bishop of Win- 

 chester. The bishop continued to enjoy the court 

 favour till his master, taking a disgust at queen Ca- 

 tharine Parr, consulted with him on the easiest 

 method of getting rid of her, and acquiesced in a 

 plan, the leading feature of which was the exhibition 

 of articles against her on a charge of heresy. The 

 design had proceeded so far, that officers were 

 already summoned for the purpose of arresting her, 

 when the queen, in a personal interview with her 

 husband, had address enough to turn the tables on 

 the bishop, to re-establish herself in the king's favour, 

 and to bring him into disgrace with Henry. With 

 his successor, he stood in a still more unfavourable 

 light ; his opposition to the doctrines of the re- 

 formed church bringing on him the displeasure 

 of the prevailing party, who succeeded in induc- 

 ing the young monarch to commit him to the 

 Tower, with a sentence of deprivation from his 

 diocese. On the accession of Mary, however, he 

 was not only received into favour, and restored to 

 his see, but elevated to the office of chancellor of 

 England and first minister of state. He now dis- 

 tinguished himself as a principal mover in the 

 executions which took place during this reign, 

 acting occasionally with equal caprice and cruelty. 

 In his private character, he appears to much greater 

 advantage, being not only learned himself, but a 

 great encourager of learning in others. Though 

 artful, dissembling, ambitious, and proud, he was 

 grateful and constant. He died Nov. 12, 1555. A 

 treatise, entitled Necessary Doctrine of a Christian 

 Man, printed in 1543, is said to be the joint work of 

 Gardiner and Cranmer. 



GAR FISH (esox belone, Lin.). This fish is 

 known under the name of sea-needle, and makes its 

 appearance on the English coast in summer, a short 

 time previous to the arrival of the mackerel, which 

 it much resembles in taste. It is long and slender, 

 flattened a little towards the belly, and quadrangular 

 towards the tail. The head is flat, projecting for- 

 ward into a very long, sharp snout. The sides and 

 belly are of a bright silvery colour; the back is 

 green, marked along the middle with a dark purple 

 line ; the sides are also each distinguished by a line 

 running from the gills to the tail. The lower jaw 

 projects considerably beyond the upper, and ter- 

 minates in a soft substance. 



GARGARA ; the highest mountain of the ridge 

 of Ida, in Natolia, near the gulf of Adramyti, on 

 the N. Gargara, like ^Etna, is characterized by a 

 triple zone ; first a district of cultivated land, after- 

 wards an assemblage of forests, and lastly, towards 

 the summit, a region of snow and ice. Its modern 

 name is Kasdagh. 



GARLIC (allium sativum) is a species of onion 

 cultivated in Europe since the year 1551. The leaves 

 are grass-like, and differ from those of the common 

 onion in not being fistulous. The stem is about two 

 feet high, terminated by a head composed principally 

 of bulbs instead of flowers ; the flowers are white, 

 and furnished with tricuspidate stamens ; the root is 

 a compound bulb, consisting of several smaller bulbs, 

 commonly denominated cloves, enveloped by a com- 



