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GAU GAUL. 



and chronology ; illustrated its departments by 

 various important works and treatises, and introduced 

 into the study of universal history, and the academic 

 discourses on this subject, the improved method which 

 connects the narrative according to the order of time 

 synchronically. Ancient history, particularly, was 

 indebted to his industry, deep erudition, and spirit of 

 research. It is to be regretted that many of his 

 works were left unfinished. He published several 

 excellent manuals of diplomacy, chronology, genea- 

 logy, geography, and heraldry. Gatterer's daughter, 

 Magdalen Philippina, the widow of Engelhard, born 

 1756, made herself known as a lyric poetess. 



GAU; a German word, meaning originally a dis- 

 trict, as in Gau-graf, districtrcount. It appears at 

 present in several geographical names, as Thurgau, 

 Aargau, Rheingau, district or canton of the rivers 

 Thur, Aar, Rhine. 



GAUL, G ALLI A. The country of the Gauls ex- 

 tended, in the times of the Romans, from the Pyre- 

 nees to the Rhine, and on the side of Italy, beyond 

 the Alps to the Adriatic. It was divided into Gaul 

 on this side (the Italian side) of the Alps (Gallia 

 Cisalpina), and Gallia beyond the Alps (Gallia Trans- 

 alpina). 



I. Gallia Cisalpina extended from the Alps to the 

 Adriatic sea, and, consequently, comprised all 

 Upper Italy as far as the Rubicon and Macra. In 

 consequence of its connexion with Italy, it assumed 

 the Roman manners and customs, received the Ro- 

 man citizenship from Caesar, and, on account of its 

 adoption of the Roman toga, was called Gallia to- 

 gata. It was divided into, 1. Liguria, comprising the 

 territory of Genoa and Lucca, with a part of Pied- 

 mont; 2. Gallia Transpadana, Gaul beyond the Padus 

 (the Po); and, 3. Gallia Cispadana, i. e., Gaul on this 

 side of the Po. Liguria was inhabited by the Ligu- 

 rians, Gallia Transpadana principally by the Taurin- 

 ians, Insubrians, and Cenomanes ; Gallia Cispadana 

 by the Boii, Senones, and Lingones, all of them na- 

 tions of Gallic descent. Most of the cities, which 

 were principally Roman colonies, have retained their 

 ancient names. In Gallia Transpadana are Tergeste 

 (Trieste), Aquileia, Patavium (Padua), Vincentia 

 (Vicenza), Verona, Mantua, Cremona, Brixia (Bres- 

 cia), Mediolanum (Milan), Ticinum, (Pavia), Au- 

 gusta Taurinorum (Turin) ; in Gallia Cispadana, 

 Ravenna, Bononia (Bologna), Mutina (Modena), 

 Parma, Placentia (Piacenza). 



II. Transalpine Gaul was also called Gallia co- 

 mate, in distinction from Gallia togata, because the 

 inhabitants wore their hair (coma), long, or Gallia 

 braccata, because, particularly in the southern parts, 

 they wore a kind of breeches (braccee), which the 

 Romans did not use ; bordered west on the Pyre- 

 nees, east on the Rhine, on a line drawn from its 

 source to the small river Varus (Var), and on this 

 river ; north on the Atlantic, and south on the Medi- 

 terranean ; it therefore comprised France, the king- 

 dom of the Netherlands, Switzerland, and the left 

 bank of the Rhine. The part of Transalpine Gaul 

 nearest Upper Italy, and stretching along the Me- 

 diterranean towards the Pyrenees, was conquered by 

 Fabius. As this was the first part that was con- 

 verted into a Roman province, it was called, by way 

 of eminence, the Provincia (which was afterwards 

 changed into Provence). It was bounded by the 

 Alps, the Cevennes, and the Rhone. Caesar, who 

 conquered Transalpine Gaul at a later period, found 

 it divided into three parts: 1. Aquitania, extending 

 from the Pyrenees to the Garonne, chiefly occupied 

 by Iberian tribes ; 2. Gallia Celtica, from the Ga- 

 ronne to the Seine and Marne ; 3. Gallia Belgica, 

 In the north, extending to the Rhine. By the com- 

 mand of Augiist'.is, Agrippa organized the country 



anew, and divided it in the following manner: 1. 

 Aquitania was enlarged so as to reach the Loire, in 

 order to render it more nearly equal to the others; 

 capital, Burdigala (Bourdeaux). 2. Belgica, between 

 the rivers Seine, Saone, Rhone, Rhine, and the North 

 sea; capital places, Vesontio (Besangon), Treveri 

 (Treves), and others. This division included also the 

 countries on the Rhine, and Switzerland, which 

 were, however, afterwards separated from it, under 

 the name of Germania prima or superior, and Ger- 

 mania secunda,or inferior. In it were situated, along 

 the Rhine, Colonia Agrippina (Cologne), Moguntia- 

 cum (Mentz), Argentoratum (Strasbourg). 3. Gal- 

 lia Lugdunensis, or Celtica, comprised the rest of the 

 country of the Celtae, the whole region between the 

 Seine, Saone, and Loire, as far south as the Ceven- 

 nes and the Rhone ; chief towns, Lugdunum (Lyons), 

 Alesia (Alise), Bibracte, afterwards called Augusto- 

 dunum (Autun), Lutetia Parisiorum (Paris). The 

 latter was, in the time of Caesar, an insignificant 

 place, confined to the island in the Seine ; but it soon 

 rose into importance on account of its favourable 

 situation. 4. Gallia Narbonensis, formerly the Pro- 

 vincia Romana. Here were the cities Narbo Mar- 

 tius (Narbonne), an old Roman colony, Tolosa (Tou- 

 louse), Nemausus (Nismes), Vienna (Vienne), Mas- 

 silia (Marseilles). The latter city was an ancient 

 Greek colony. See Serpette de Marincourt's His- 

 toire de la Gaule ; Paris, 1822, 3 vols. 



The Gauls were the chief branch of the great 

 original stock of Celts. They called themselves 

 Gael or Gail, whence probably the name Gaul. On 

 the whole, a great .resemblance appears to have 

 existed among all the Celts ; and although they were 

 divided into numerous tribes, there were but few 

 branches that were perceptibly different from each 

 other. It is probable that, descending from the 

 Caucasus, they took their way along the south side 

 of the Danube, having the numerous nation of the 

 Thracians in their rear and the Germans on their 

 side ; but the period of this event is so remote, that 

 we cannot even venture a conjecture in regard to it. 

 They took possession of several countries under dif- 

 ferent names in their earliest migrations: thus, under 

 the names of Umbri and Ausones, they occupied a 

 part of Italy; ofTaurisci (afterwards Rhsetii), Vin- 

 delici, Norici, Helvetii, the Alpine countries. A 

 new swarm, under the name of Rasena, probably 

 separated from the Rhastii about 2000 B. C., and 

 entered Italy by the way of Trent. There they re- 

 ceived the names of Tusci, Etrusci, from the neigh- 

 bouring nations, and, having conquered 300 cities of 

 the Umbri, who were before the ruling people in 

 that region, they overran a great part of Italy. The 

 early civilization of these Etruscans, their ancient 

 mythology, their artificial calendar (which bears some 

 resemblance to that of the Aztecks in Mexico), and 

 several other circumstances, almost force upon us the 

 belief (whatever may be said of the influence of the 

 Greeks), that a very ancient civilization existed in 

 this tribe, which was afterwards lost or changed by 

 the influence of other nations. Several Celtic tribes 

 retained their seats on the shores of the Adriatic, 

 along the banks of the Danube, and in the southern 

 part of Germany, while the principal branch of the 

 nation settled between the Pyrenees and the Alps, 

 the ocean and the Rhine, in the country which re- 

 ceived its name from them; hence they passed into 

 Albion and lerne (Great Britain and Ireland). 



A too great population (which is not uncommon in 

 half savage and partly nomadic nations, whose means 

 of supplying their wants are very imperfect, and who 

 require a great extent of country), and the pressure 

 of German and Thracian tribes, caused general 

 migrations among the Gauls about 397 B. C. Colo. 



