GEOGRAPHY GEOLOGY. 



393 



in (.he collection of his works, the 10 14 vol., Got- 

 tingeii, 1824). Funke's Atlas of the ancient World, 

 12 maps, with explanatory tables (Weimar, 1800, 

 4to), is a valuable school book ; as is also Heusinger's 

 iiiid Dufour's School Atlas for Ancient Geography, 15 

 sheets (Brunswick) ; Reichard's Orbis Terrarum anti- 

 quus (Nuremberg, 1819, et seq.) is better, and for 

 schools, Karcher's Orbis Terr arum antiguus et Europa 

 Medii jEvi, 23 sheets, Carlsruhe, 1824 (epitomized 

 under the title Atlas Minor, in nine sheets.) A good 

 view of the history of geography, down to the year 

 1800, is given in Malte-Brun's History of Geo- 

 graphy. This work, however, does not super- 

 sede Sprengel's History of the most important geo- 

 graphical Discoveries, until the Arrival of the Portu- 

 guese in Japan (2d edit., Halle, 1192). A work on 

 die geography of the middle ages, written with criti- 

 cal and extensive knowledge, is still wanting ; for 

 Christopher Junker's Introduction to the Geo- 

 graphy of the Middle Ages (Jena, 1712, 4to) ren- 

 ders that want but the more sensible. For com- 

 parative geography, the works of Gosselin and Men- 

 telle are of value. 



Modern geography, though in earlier works very 

 unsatisfactorily treated, and though its foundation was 

 so uncertain, gained much, in the first half of the 

 18th century, by Hubner's Complete System of Geo- 

 graphy, which ran through many editions ; as also by 

 Hager's geographical writings, and the New Euro- 

 pean Geography of States and Travels a work com- 

 piled with great diligence, in sixteen vols. (Leipsic, 

 1750, et seq.). But the first foundation of a scientific 

 system of geography was laid by Ant. Fred. Busch- 

 ing, whose New Description of the Globe appeared 

 first in Hamburg, 1754. The eighth edition of this 

 classical work was published in 1787, and contains, in 

 the whole, eleven vcds. From the great changes,which 

 geography has undergone since that period, the form 

 of the work has become a little antiquated, and is no 

 longer quite adapted to the present time; it has, 

 also, for a geographical system, too much that be- 

 longs to statistics, and the arrangement is, in some 

 parts, incomplete. Of the new revised edition of 

 this work, which has been announced, only the Geo- 

 graphy of Portugal by Ebeling, that of Sweden by 

 Runs, that of America (incomplete) , in seven vols., by 

 Ebeling, of Africa by Hartmann, and the continuation 

 of Asia by Sprengel and Wahl, have as yet appeared. 



Other geographical works have been undertaken 

 by Nonnann Gaspari, Bruns, and Canzler, but remain 

 unfinished. The compendiums of Gatterer Abridg- 

 ment of Geography (Gottingen, 1772), and Short In- 

 troduction to Geography (Gottingen, 1789 ; new edit. 

 1793) display a critical mind. With reference to 

 the latest changes and revolutions in the political 

 world, prof. Stein, in Berlin, wrote his Manual of 

 Geography, according to the latest views, which is 

 calculated for colleges and academies, and appeared 

 in two vols. (Leipsic, 1808), and in a fifth edition 

 (Leipsic, 1825), three vols. (but since the second 

 edition, under the altered title, Manual of Geography 

 and Statistics). The epitome of this work, for the 

 use of elementary schools, appeared, in a fourteenth 

 edition, in 1825. A valuable compendium, of which 

 the eleventh edition appeared in 1827 (Ilumenau), 

 has been furnished by Cannabich. The large work, 

 prepared by Gaspari, Hassel, Cannabich, Gutsmuths, 

 and Uckert, which, since 1819, has appeared at Wei- 

 mar (Complete Manual of the latest Geography), 

 twenty-three vols., combines geography and statistics, 

 is executed with care, and is intended to supply the 

 place of Busching. No other nation possesses, as yet, 

 a similar work of such extent and completeness. 

 Most of the manuals, as well as compendiums, of 

 geography furnish, in their introductions, a survey 



of mathematical and physical geography. The first 

 outlines of a system of pure geography were drawn 

 by Gatterer, in his Short Summary of Geography. 

 In modem times, the idea has been taken up by Zeune, 

 in his Gea (Berlin, 1808), which, in 1811, appeared 

 in a second edition, witli the title Gcea, an Essay 

 towards a scientific Geography ; by Kaiser, by Stein, 

 by Hommeyer, by Kunz, &c. Ch. Ritter's Geo- 

 graphy, in its Relation to the Nature and History 

 of Mankind, or General comparative Geography 

 (Berlin, 1817, et seq.), is a valuable work. 



As collections for the study of geography, must be 

 mentioned, Neue Allgemeine Geographisclie Epheme- 

 riden (New General Geogr. Ephemerides) to the year 

 1827, twenty-one vols. ; Lander und Volkerkunde 

 (Description of Countries and Nations, Weimar, in 

 24 vols., not continued); Bibliothek der neuestcn 

 Reisebeschreibungen (Library of the latest Travels), 

 until 1826, forty-three vols. ; Journal des Voyages, 

 Decouvertes et Navigations modernes, published by 

 Verneux, in Paris (in 1824 appeared the 66th series); 

 and similar collections ; for instance, the Globus, by 

 Streit and Cannabich, and Hertha, by Berghaus and 

 Hoffmann, Stuttgart, since 1825. Hassel's General 

 Geographic-Statistical Dictionary, in two vols. (Wei- 

 mar, 1817), and Stein's Gazette, Post and Mercantile 

 Dictionary, in four vols., with additions (Leipsic, 1818 

 et seq.), are among the most valuable of the late 

 works on geography. Among English geographical 

 works, the Edinburgh Gazetteer, or Geographical 

 Dictionary, whicii appeared in 1817 et seq. in 6 vols. 

 accompanied by an Atlas by Arrowsmith, also Crutt- 

 well's Gazetteer, are distinguished. Besides these, 

 there are geographical works by Pinkerton, Guthrie, 

 Gordon, Salmon, Bell, and many others. Among the 

 French works, the Dictionnaire Geographique Univev* 

 sel, by Beudant Billard, Douaix, Dubrena, Eyries, 

 A. v. Humboldt, &c. (Paris, 1824 et seq.); and Dic- 

 tionnaire Classique et Universal de Geographic 

 Moderne, with an atlas of ancient, and one of modern 

 geography, by Hyaz Langlois (Paris, since 1825), de- 

 serve honourable mention. Van der Meelen's Gen- 

 eral Atlas for the Physical and Mineralogical Geo- 

 graphy of all the Parts of the Earth (Brussels, 1826 

 et seq.) is valuable. Among the manuals for travel- 

 lers, the French and German works of Reichard, 

 Guide des t'oyageurs en Europe, and Passagier auf 

 der Keise in Deutschland, in der Schweitz, zu Paris 

 und Petersburg (Traveller on a Tour through Ger- 

 many and Switzerland, to Paris and Petersburg), are 

 the most distinguished, and have run through many 

 editions. For further information, see the article 

 Gazetteer. 



GEOLOGY ; the science which investigates the 

 successive changes which have taken place in the 

 organic and inorganic kingdoms of nature ; inquires 

 into the causes of these changes, and the influence 

 which they have exerted in modifying the surface 

 and external structure of our planet. Geology and 

 Geognosy mean the same thing the one word being 

 derived from yitt, earth, and ytvatKu, to know, and 

 the other from yta. and Xeyos, a discourse but with 

 an unnecessary degree of refinement in terms, it has 

 been proposed to call the description of the structure 

 of the earth geognosy, and the theoretical specula- 

 tions as to its formation, geology. 



The speculative part of the science engaged the 

 attention of mankind at an early period ; for we find 

 that the priests of Egypt maintained the aqueous 

 origin of the globe. Tliales, a distinguished Grecian 

 philosopher, is said to have taught the Neptunian 

 view of the origin and formation of the earth. Zeno, 

 another learned Greek, maintained that the earth 

 was formed from fire. But it would be vain to at- 

 tempt an account of the various fanciful speculations 



