GERMANY. (STATISTICS AND COMMERCE.) 



415 



the south more ilry ami mild. The number of in- 

 habitants is estimated ;it 34,343,900 in 2390 towns, of 

 which 100 have above 8000 inhabitants, 2340 market 

 villages 104,000 villages, and numerous small settle- 

 ments. Of the inhabitants, there were, in 1825, 



Germans . 27,705,855 



Slavonic origin 5,32.">,000 



Walloons and French . . . 309,000 



J,.ug 292,500 



Italians 188,000 



Gipsies .900 



Armenians and Greeks . . . 900 



III the same year, the number of persons of different 



religions was as follows : 



Catholics 18,370,300 



Protestants 15,150,500 



Jews 292,500 



Greeks and Armenians .... 900 



According to a careful estimate in the Bulle- 

 tin Universe!, the population in 1830 is rated at 

 34,393,000. 



The number of students in the universities (24), was, 

 in 1829, about 18,000 ;* 



There are public libraries in 150 places, with 

 5,113,500 volumes. 10,000 authors produce annu- 

 ally from about 3300 to 5000 new books. There 

 are about 100 political journals, 220 other journals, 

 and about 150 periodical publications. Germany is 

 rich in natural productions. Excellent cattle are 

 raised in many parts of the country. Holstein, 

 Mecklenburg, &c., are distinguished for their good 

 breed of horses. The breed of sheep has been much 

 improved by the introduction of the merinos. West- 

 phalia and Bavaria have an excellent breed ef swine. 

 Goats, asses, tame and wild fowl, bees, the silk- 

 worm, numerous kinds of fish, crabs, deer, and in 

 some mountainous tracts in the south, wolves, bears, 

 lynxes, chamois, marmots are found. Various kinds 

 of grain are produced in sufficient quantity for expor- 

 tation ; also spelt and maize are cultivated in the 

 south, and buck-wheat in the north, besides legumi- 

 nous fruits, various garden vegetables, rape-seed, 

 flax, hemp, tobacco, hops, madder, woad, safflower, 

 saffron, anise, a great quantity of fruit in the south, 

 including good chestnuts, almonds, and many peaches 

 and apricots. The cultivation of the vine is success- 

 fully carried on along the Rhine in Franconia, along 

 the Moselle and the Neckar, in Austria, and in part 

 of Bohemia and Saxony. The northern line of the 

 grape is Witzenhausen, in Hesse-Cassel. The for- 

 ests contain the oak, beech, fir tree pine, birch, &c. 



It must be remembered that, in Catholic countries, the 

 name student is given to all who are pursuing classical 

 studies; but, in Protestant countries, it signifies only young 

 men who have passed through the academic course. Hence 

 the a, parent superiority of the numbers in Vienna over 

 those in Beilin. 



The mineral kingdom produces som gold (some 

 rivers contain gold-dust), a considerable quantity of 

 silver (in particular, in the Erzgebirge and the Hartz, 

 200,000 marks annually), quicksilver (in Idria and 

 Deux-Ponts), tin (in Bohemia and Saxony), lead, cop- 

 per, iron, calamine, molybdene, cinnabar, bismuth, 

 arsenic, antimony, alum, vitriol, zinc, sulphur, salt- 

 petre, cobalt, coal, marble, lime, alabaster, gypsum, 

 asbestos, slate, sandstone, frees tone, and pumice-stone, 

 trass, jasper, chalcedony, serpentine, basalt, granite, 

 porphyry,many kinds of precious stones, amber, ochre, 

 the finest porcelain clay, fuller's-earth, marl, peat, 

 petrolium, spring and rock salt, and various kinds of 

 mineral waters. The principal objects of German 

 manufacture are linen, woollen, silk, leather, and 

 cotton goods, laces, paper hangings, paper, glass, 

 mirrors, porcelain, delft ware, gold, silver, iron, 

 and steel wares, guns, and sword blades, musical 

 and other instruments, watches and lackered ware, 

 wooden clocks, vitriol, alum, sugar, tobacco, beer, 

 brandy, and cordials, &c. Commerce is carried on 

 by land and sea ; internal commerce is discouraged 

 by the many custom-house barriers between the dif- 

 ferent states. The exports are wood, grain (to the 

 value of between one and two millions), wine, linei. 

 (formerly to the amount of about five millions) 

 thread, iron, and steel wares, philosophical instru- 

 ments, toys, porcelain, lackered wares, quicksilver 

 glass, looking-glasses, cattle, particularly draught 

 horses, succory fruits, wool, salt, minerals, Bohemiai. 

 garnet, amber, smoked and salt meat, potteries, 

 smalt, bees-wax, woollen and cotton goods, lace, &c. 

 The imports are wine, cordials, tobacco, tropical 

 fruits, spices, sugar, coffee, tea, silk, cotton, fine 

 woollen, cotton and silk goods, millinery, and orna- 

 ments. The principal commercial ports are, on the 

 North sea, Hamburg, Altona, Bremen and Embden ; 

 on the Baltic, Lubeck, Wismar, Rostock, Stralsund, 

 Stettin ; and on the Adriatic, Trieste. The comme*- 

 cial cities in the interior are, in North Germany, 

 Leipsic, Brunswick, Magdeburg, Frankfort on the 

 Oder, and Breslaw ; in South Germany, Frankfort 

 on the Maine, Nuremburg, Augsburg, Prague, Vien- 

 na, and Bolzano. The map of Germany, by Reymann 

 (Berlin, 1825 et seq.), in 342 sheets, is the most 

 complete that has appeared. Hassel's Statist. Ue- 

 bersicht der 39 Deutschen Bundestaaten (1825), 

 Lichtenstein's Deutschland' 's Bundestaaten (1825) 

 and, particularly for statistics, the Genealogisch- 

 Hist. -Statist. Almanack (published annually at Wei- 

 mar), are among the best sources of information on 

 the geographical and statistical state of Germany. 



German Commerce. Germany, in the more limited 

 sense, that is, the Germanic confederation, has a 

 favourable natural situation for commerce. Lying 

 in the centre of Europe, it borders on three seas, and 

 the direction and number of its rivers naturally fit it 

 for a commercial state of the first rank. Since the 

 middle of the seventeenth century, however, when 

 the Hanseatic cities, and Nuremburg and Augsburg, 

 ceased to be the first commercial places of Europe, 

 it has held, with the exception of the Prussian anil 

 Austrian provinces, a subordinate rank among the 

 commercial states. This was a necessary effect of 

 its subdivision into so many small states. At the 

 present time, the secularization of the ecclesiastical 

 estates, and the mediatization (q. v.) of many petty 

 princes, have diminished the number of political divi- 

 sions which formerly gave rise to incessant intestine 

 wars ; but a struggle of financial parties, and a rage 

 for regulating commerce by political ordinances, 

 have succeeded, and exert a more unfavourable influ- 

 ence on commerce than even the prohibitive system 

 of the neighbouring states. Germany can carry on 

 trade by land with France, Italy, Switzerland, the 



