HUSS HU1CHB8ON. 



i for the courage wkh which he had, in 



, Mail* . ! ./. UN li.:i.i Of tl.r llii-llis.iill.l 



U ...,'. ..': |J ... :..., EWfevlteftUllMil Irirhof 

 uujstiHi.. together with the fanperal anuy , in 1 420. 

 He usislid, from patriotic motives, the plan of the 

 MuhsHMs of Prague, to choose a foreign prince for 

 king, but died, too soon for the wellare of Bohemia, 

 TTirsaan t&, 1490. with the glory of having been 

 rather a itrfcmkr of the fiuth of Huss, than a perse- 

 cutor of the Catholics. 



In this prrsrcutioo, Ziska was the most zealous and 

 matt cruel Zukm / the cup, as he was called, 

 chief of the Taisn'frf.. no the Hussites under his l> Mi- 

 ner designated themselves, from Uieir city. The 

 strength of his army, and his victories over the 

 intprmlwts gave him an influence in the Bohemian 

 attain which was nearly allied to that of a pro- 

 tector. But when the murders and devastations 

 of his army, and of the small bands which made the 

 religious war a pretext for plunder, continually 

 Increased, the most moderate Hussites of the nobility, 

 and the citiiens of Prasrue, whose chief concern was 

 the allowance of the cup to the laity at the sacrament 

 (thence called Calirtincs or Praguert), and the quiet 

 of the kingdom, were induced to ofler the Bohemian 

 thrum- . first to Ladislaus, king of Poland, then to the 

 grand prince Vitold, of Lithuania, and at last to his 

 nephew Koribut. But Ziska, with the Taborites, 

 dissented, and the diflerence of Uiese parties, which 

 had appeared in the diversity of their demands for a 

 church reform, now produced a real division, No- 

 thing was more dangerous to the cause of the Hussites 

 than the multitude of sects and parties in Bohemia ; 

 each, since 1 42 1, acted by itself, and they only united 

 against the common enemy, in order that, as soon as 

 he was routed, they might again quarrel with each 

 other. Ziska having l>ecome totally blind at the 

 siege of Raby, and victorious over the imperialists, 

 whom he defeated in the great battle of Deutschbrod, 

 and continually successful in small contests against 

 the nobility, who lost immensely by his ravages, 

 without being able to place any limit to them, and 

 against the inhabitants of Prague, who preserved 

 their city from destruction only by a hard and short- 

 lived peace, Sept. 14, 1424, died October 12, of the 

 same year, of the plague. At his death, the fearful 

 ass, which only his military talents and good 

 fortune had held together, fell to pieces. The 

 majority of the Taborites elected for their general 

 Andrew Procopius, who had been recommended by 

 Ziska, and who, having been at first destined to the 

 church, is called the Shorn (Holy, rasus). Koribut, 

 a mere shadow of a king, had been chosen by the 

 inhabitants of Prague, in 1422, and, although he had 

 routed Busso of Vitzthum with the strongest army 

 which Saxony had ever produced, June 16, 1426, at 

 Aussig, was not able to control the ferocity and 

 plundering propensity of the parties among the 

 Hussites, and was obliged to abdicate the throne, in 

 1427. Procopius showed himself worthy of his pre- 

 decessor. The decisive victories which he gained in 

 July, 1427, and August 14, 1431, at Miess and 

 Tachau, over Ue army of the cross, composed of the 

 People of the German empire, and far superior to the 

 "dies in number, made the arms of the latter not 

 less formidable than the devastating expeditions, 

 which the detached bodies of partisans carried on 

 *j**** the neighbouring states almost every year 

 thr beginning of the war until U32. Austria, 

 nia, but especially Saxony and those provinces 

 Bohemia which were yet obedient to the pope, 

 aoe and Silesia, were the theatre of the. most 

 rlties and robberies. All parties were now 

 uid, as the Germ;m arms were 

 against the Hussites, the council of 



Basle saw itself compelled by Sigismund, who had 

 always retained a faction among the Bohemian 

 nobility mid the inhabitants of Prague, to come to 

 terms with the heretics ; and thus, Nov. 20, 1433, a 

 compromise was made (the compact of Prague), 

 vvliicli. however, was not received by all parties, and 

 hostilities recommenced, but were ended by a com- 

 plete victory of the Calixtines and Catholics under 

 Meinhard of Neuhaus, at Bomischbrod, May 30, 

 l l.il. The Calixtines, who were now superior, in 

 conjunction with the Catholic states, chose the em- 

 peror Sigismund for their king, who swore at Iglau, 

 July 5, 1436, to adhere to the compacts, which had 

 been rendered somewhat easier by the council, in 

 compliance with the wishes of the Calixtines, but 

 was again faithless to his promise, and died, Dec. 9, 

 1437, without having restored perfect quiet to 

 Bohemia. The Taborites, very much weakened, 

 were able to maintain their dispute only in the de- 

 liberations of the diet, and in theological controversial 

 writings, whereby their confession of faith acquired 

 a purity and a completeness which made it similar, 

 in many respects, to the confessions of the Protes- 

 tants of the sixteenth century ; but their religious 

 freedom continually suffered more and more, until 

 they merged in the fraternity of Bohemian and 

 Moravian Brethren, which arose in 1457, and, under 

 the most violent persecutions, exhibited an honour- 

 able steadfastness and purity. See Bohemian Breth- 

 ren, and United Brethren. 



HUSSARS ; originally, the name of the Hungarian 

 cavalry, raised in 1458, when Matthias I. ordered 

 the prelates and nobles to assemble, with their 

 cavalry, in his camp. Every twenty houses were 

 obliged to furnish a man ; and thus, from the Hun- 

 garian words husz (twenty), and ar (pay), was 

 formed the name Huszar, Hussar. The arms and 

 dress of this light cavalry were afterwards imitated, 

 and the name borrowed by other nations. 



HUSTINGS, COURT OF; the principal court in 

 the city of London, of great antiquity, held before 

 the lord mayor and aldermen in London, the sheriffs 

 and recorder in G uildhall. The derivation is uncer- 

 tain. In a popular sense, it is used in England for a 

 place raised for the candidates at elections of mem- 

 bers of parliament, perhaps from hoistings. 



HUTCHESON, FRANCIS, LL. D., an ingenious 

 philosophical writer, was born in the north of Ireland, 

 August 8, 1694, and, in 1710, was entered a student 

 in the university of Glasgow. After spending six 

 years at Glasgow, he returned to his native country, 

 where he was licensed to preach among the Dissen- 

 ters, but accepted the invitation of some gentlemen 

 acquainted with his talents, to set up a private 

 academy in Dublin. In 1725, the first edition of his 

 celebrated Inquiry into the ideas of Beauty and Vir- 

 tue appeared without his name ; but its merit would 

 not allow the author to be long concealed. In 1728, 

 he published his Treatise on the Passions, which has 

 often been reprinted, and is admired even by those 

 who dispute the soundness of its philosophy. In 

 1729, he was called to the chair of philosophy at 

 Glasgow. He died in 1747, in his fifty-third year. 

 In 1755, was published, from his MSS. a System of 

 Moral Philosophy (in three books, 2 vols 4to); to 

 which is prefixed some account of the Life, Writings, 

 and Character of the Author, by Doctor Leechman, 

 Professor of Divinity in the University of Glasgow. 

 The system of morals of Doctor Hutcheson is founded 

 upon nearly the same principles as that of lord 

 Shaftesbury. He deduces all our moral ideas from 

 an implanted moral sense or instinct, like that of self- 

 preservation, which, independently of argument, or 

 the reasonableness of certain actions, leads us to per- 

 form them ourselves, and to approve them in others 



