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. bol WM M* as yet Attended witli disgrace, and 

 vt**dGre*waJd and Rostock, where be was wel- 

 and nan of talents, and where he 

 by his labour*, in 1511, he went 

 t. where he published a work on versi- 

 Prum thence lie proceeded to Pa via to 

 study law, and, if possible, to conciliate his father. 

 During UM time of his residence there, Pa via was 

 taken by the Swiss in the service of Maximilian I., 

 and thaw troubles compelled him to remove to Bo- 

 logna, after having been stripped of his property by 

 the soldiers. He was finally compelled, by sheer 

 want, to enter the imperial service, in 1513. The 

 wxt year, be left the service, and became known 

 throughout Germany. I'lric, duke of Wurtemberg, 

 had Bordered a cousin of Hutten, partly from jeal- 

 ousy, partly from hatred, and Hutten gave free 

 course to his indignation in poems, letters, and ad- 

 dresses. He was no less distinguished in the Reuch- 

 linian controversy with the Dominican Hogstraaten in 

 Cologne. Hutten vigorously defended the learned, 

 honest, and persecuted Reuchlin, particularly in 

 satires, and the Epistola obscurorum I'irorum, in 

 which be had the greatest share, contributed to dis- 

 play the monks in all their nakedness. To please 

 his father, he went again to Italy, in 1515, to take 

 the degree of doctor of laws in Bologna. He first 

 visited Rome, and afterwards went to Bologna ; but 

 he could not remain any where long, and soon re- 

 turned by way of Venice to his country, where he 

 was adorned with the poetic laurel in Augsburg, by 

 the fairest of the German maidens Constantia, 

 the daughter of Peutinger and was knighted by 

 Maximilian. 



In Italy, Hutten had become acquainted with the 

 monastic life in all its deformity, and was so much 

 the enemy of the clergy, that, by his edition of Lau- 

 rent ins Valla, Defalso credita et ementita Donatione 

 Conttanlini, he declared war upon them, and opened 

 the way for Luther. He dedicated the work to pope 

 Leo X., hut it is difficult to decide whether this was 

 in ridicule, or from a sincere conviction that this 

 pope was more honest in his opinions than the former 

 popes. In 1518, he entered the service of Albert, 

 archbishop of Mayence, and made several official 

 Journeys to Paris. He also accompanied the arch- 

 bishop to the diet at Augsburg, where Luther held 

 bis well known discussion with Cajetan, and Hutten, 

 in a Demosthenic oration, urged the German princes 

 to a war against the Turks ; but he was soon wearied 

 with courts, and he took the field, with the Sua- 

 binn league, in 1519, against his hereditary enemy, 

 Ulric ofWurtemberg, where he contracted an inti- 

 macy with the brave Francis of Sickingen. After the 

 termination of the war, he returned to Mayence, 

 where he received applause from all quarters for his 

 various works against the hierarchy. In order to 

 engage anew in this labour, he retired to the solitude 

 of ins paternal castle. Here one work followed 

 another, exhibiting in a strong light the arrogance 

 and corruption of Rome ; but, as the objects of his 

 attacks complained to his patron, Albert of Mayence, 

 he lost, eventually, the favour of the latter, but form- 

 ed publicly a connexion with Luther, and began to 

 write altogether in German, instead of Latin, as he 

 had formerly done. At length the Roman authori- 

 ties demanded that he should be delivered up to them : 

 attempts were made to assassinate him, and he was 

 safe, even in the headquarters of Charles V. 

 s faithful friend, Francis of Sickingen, allowed 

 asylum in his castle, whence he issued new 

 to princes and people. Meanwhile, Siekin- 

 f aMB ' lmrolire<l in a Woody feud with Richard, 

 chblshop of Treres, which terminated unliappily for 

 the former, and Hutten had to seek another place of 



refuge. He hoped to find it in Switzerland, but 

 us \\as opposed to him, so that he was obliged 

 to charge from one place to another, till finally, 

 overpowered by a new attack of his disease, at the 

 age of thirty-six years, he found, on the island of 

 Ufnau, in the lake of Zurich, Aug. 31, 1523, that re- 

 pose which had never been his lot on earth, in con- 

 sequence, partly of his character, partly of his 

 domestic relations, partly his literary labours. 



Hutten was one of the boldest and most free-spirit- 

 ed men of his time ; a forerunner and promoter of the 

 reformation ; an example, an assistant for Luther, 

 with whom he was never personally acquainted, for, 

 although he met him in Augsburg, in 1518, he had 

 then too little respect for a mendicant friar to seek 

 his acquaintance. But he was subsequently impres- 

 sed with the greatest veneration for him, as he had 

 formerly been for Reuchlin. His principal fault as 

 a writer was a kind of frivolity, which caused him to 

 disregard many circumstances, which, to use the 

 words of Erasmus, should have been treated more 

 tenderly. But his motto Jacta alea esto -expres- 

 sed his principles, which allowed him as little to 

 pause as Luther, who was more favoured by fortune. 

 Injustice, falsehood, hypocrisy, and tyranny filled him 

 with indignation, and he unmasked them with all his 

 power. While all his friends were trembling, his 

 courageous spirit knew no fear. There are forty- 

 five works from his hand, exclusive of several which 

 are not certainly known to be his. After several 

 attempts, a collection of them has been made. It a j>- 

 peared in five volumes (Berlin and Leipsic, 1821 

 1825): the editor is E. J. H. Munch. The most 

 complete and the ktest biography of Hutten appear- 

 ed in Nuremberg, 1823, from the pen of C. J. 

 Wagenseil of Augsburg. 



HUTTON, CHARLES, LL. D., an eminent mathe- 

 matician, was born at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Aug. 

 14, 1737, and his father, who was a viewer of mines, 

 intended to devote him to his own employment. He 

 received a little instruction in the rudiments of the 

 Latin language, and in the elements of the mathema- 

 tics ; but he owed nearly the whole.of his subsequent 

 acquirements to his own application. Having re- 

 ceived an injury in one of his arms, he was found un- 

 fit for his intended occupation, on which the natural 

 bent of his inclinations led him to prepare himself for 

 becoming a mathematical teacher. The destruction 

 of the old bridge at Newcastle having attracted his 

 attention to the subject of the construction and pro- 

 perties of arches, he was led to the production of a 

 small work on the principles of bridges, which laid 

 the foundation of his future fame. He was soon 

 after appointed professor of mathematics at Wool- 

 wich college, elected a fellow of the royal society, 

 and, in 1779, received the degree of LL. D. from Jie 

 university of Edinburgh. In 1785, he published his 

 Mathematical Tables, preceded by an introduction, 

 tracing the progress and improvement of logarithms 

 from the date of their discovery. This work has 

 gone through five editions. The next year, docttr 

 Hutton published a quarto volume of Tracts, Mathe- 

 matical and Philosophical, which was not long afttr 

 followed by his Elements of Conic Sections, for the 

 use of the academy at Woolwich. His Mathemati- 

 cal and Philosophical Dictionary (2 vols., 4to), 

 appeared in 1796, of which a new and greatly 

 enlarged edition was published in 1815. In 1798, 

 he gave the world the first edition of his Course of 

 Mathematics, in 2 vols., 8vo, to which a third was- 

 added in 1811. From 1803 to 1809, he was en.- 

 ployed, in conjunction with doctors Pearson and 

 Shaw, in an abridgment of the Philosophical Trans- 

 actions, published in eighteen thick quarto volumes. 

 In 1812, he published another collection of Tracts, 



